Advanced Option Strategies

It is May 10th 1940 and Churchill is Prime Minister of Britain. The BBC, Guardian and other left liberal news outlets publish polls stating that 60 % of Britons believe that the war against fascist Germany cannot be won and that the French are an unworthy ally. The questions used in the poll were inadequate containing ambiguous phraseology but the news outlets don’t report this – just the summary results. Instead the media focuses on the hardships, the trauma and destruction of war and record pessimist Britain’s dismay in defeating the Wehrmacht and supporting the fast collapsing French army. Most of the media is hostile to Churchill, and tired of his bombast. One of their favorites – Lord Halifax prevented from being Prime Minister because he sits in the Lords and not the Commons – convenes many press conferences informing Britons that appeasement with Hitler is the safest guarantor of the British empire. The media endlessly recycles Halifax’s editorials in which he states that fighting Germany contravenes international and British law, since the Jews and Poles provoked the current conflict. He maintains that the British empire has no reason to interfere in the internal politics of Europe and that the two empires can peacefully coexist. Such ideas resonate within the media and their polling affiliates. At the end of May 72 % of Britons feel that Halifax’s demand that peace be sought with Germany would be ‘appropriate’. To support the anti-war group the BBC broadcasts the already long list of dead military, the perils of fighting Germany alone, portrays the Americans as avaricious Jewish dominated parasites unwilling to formally aid Britain, and proposes that Europe united under one state and one leader is a historical destiny, quelling troublesome feuds once and for all. On British state owned TV well known British music stars and actresses are seen meeting with Hitler in attempts to broker a peace settlement, some more of the more raffish lot are photographed sitting atop Panzer tanks and parading in Gestapo uniforms. Many try to convince the British public that continuing the war with Germany would be unconscionable and will kill millions of innocent children and that the British public must stop their domestic military-industrial complex. A top pop song elaborates that ‘Germans love their children too’. Polls in England state that Churchill has only 22 % general support and almost none amongst women, ethnic, environmental groups and gay rights organizations. Sympathetic documentaries and films are hurriedly shown in England during May and June 1940, in theatres and on state owned TV, pointing out that Hitlerism and Nazism is nothing more than the realization of Germanic ambition and historical destiny. They focus on German discipline, literary and musical achievements and the valid German need for more land. Indeed Hitler is portrayed in such episodes as a great and noble leader, resurrecting a decrepit and shattered Germany. Nazism is depicted in editorials and on campuses as a uber-philosophy and historical life-force, based on great accomplishments, community-love, and national pride – it is the new world order. The destruction of freedom, life and liberal values are never touched upon. Hitlerism and fascism excites the media and academic elite which publish around the clock, sycophantic essays on the dialectical inevitability of fascist power. When France falls in June 1940 more polls are published in a frenzy of worried activity revealing that 80 % of Britons are pessimistic or uncertain about the war’s outcome with an astonishing 90 % expressing some level of concern about the government’s performance. Some extreme editorials charge that Churchill lied about the nature of the war and the reality of fighting an invincible Germany during his May 1940 Parliamentary speeches. His speeches and statements are re-parsed, picked over and extensively criticized for their naivety, romanticism and extreme patriotism. Political and media analysts carp about Churchill’s own past including his poor academic record, his dubious military escapades, and his criminal guilt in the battle of Omdurman in 1898 in the Sudan when black native fighters were destroyed by modern military technology. They also point out Churchill’s personal combat against the Boers, the Indians and Afghans, stating that bigotry and racial hatred are at the core of Churchill’s character. Talk shows abound with analysts and those who ‘know’ Churchill stating that Churchill’s past is inglorious and at odds with current post World War One modernity of enlightened thoughtful liberalism. Even his vain, womanizing syphilitic father, a political star that crashed through arrogance and illness is dragged from the history books to prove that genetically Churchill is an unstable character and the son of drunken political bore. Churchill’s past and own drinking excesses are front page stories, with news analysts and experts linking Churchill’s terrible character with the losing war effort. Many call for not only Churchill’s resignation but his impeachment for not doing enough to prevent the fall of the British expeditionary army and the humiliation of Dunkirk. The BBC reports that Churchill and his Ministers are not only losing the war, but also profiting from war contracts through firms closely allied with the Conservative political effort and that Churchill has sent his own small fortune out of the country to Canada. No evidence is given on these allegations but no proof is asked for. New public polling puts Churchill with a 13 % approval rating and calls for his resignation echo more loudly each day. The anti-Conservative and anti-Churchill media also stoke antipathy to Churchill’s new coalition government by focusing on the incapability of British forces to fight. While willful, manly Germany prepares for the invasion of the British Isles, the media is adamant that the government is doing nothing. The British Labor party, sensing Churchill’s political weakness, reveal documents which support the position that the government is disorganized and drifting with no rational plan to wage war. A recently demoted Cabinet member releases photos of a drunk Churchill slurring his words at a private dinner function while discussing war strategy, and publishes letters from Churchill to his War Cabinet which apparently prove that Churchill has no real plan of national defense. Clement Attlee leader of the Labor Party, along with Lord Halifax, holds a press interview on an important TV talk show criticizing Churchill for the Norway fiasco along with inadequate funding of the armed forces and a lack of strategic focus. Atlee contends that appeasing Germany for two to three years, would enable Britain to retool and rearm, and cites the Soviet-Nazi pact of 1939 as an example of judicious statesmanship. Indeed Atlee calls for a British-like ‘Stalin’ to take over the government and re-energize its martial spirit. The media gives Attlee’s criticisms wide coverage and some propose that an Attlee government would have a more nuanced and realistic appraisal of confronting Germany, and would be smart enough to elicit support from ‘allies’ and the international community. Media analysis and polls are produced showing Atlee as Briton’s top choice for Prime Minister. By mid June 1940 Churchill is in a political quandary. He is now facing low poll numbers, a well funded and media generated appeasement bloc, blame for the Norway fiasco, the poor performance of the British navy and the fall of France. German U-Boat packs threaten to strangle the British economy and the reliance on overseas supplies of food and war materiel puts Britain in an extended and seemingly insuperably hopeless position. Unless the British can defeat the U-Boat threat and hold off the Luftwaffe they are doomed to suffer a crushing invasion. German dominated Europe has 400 million people, and the vast resources of the entire Continent at its disposal, with close airfield and rocket positions, which are easily able to reach major English population and military centers. The situation according to the media and experts, is utterly hopeless. Military, economic and polling data don’t smile favorably on Churchill in June 1940. Press coverage presents the above problems as insurmountable and emphasizes other weaknesses: budget deficits, low gold reserves, inadequate military production, poor military technology, a contracting economy and shows footage of worried sometimes tearful mothers in their kitchens stating that a European war should not claim the lives of their sons unless the international community sanctions military action and proves that war is necessary. Indeed Atlee, the media and other ‘experts’, are adamant that pre-emptive action cannot be taken against Germany, since such activity violates international laws. The exact laws are never produced nor detailed, but the general concept of international law is accepted by all ‘experts’ and media analysts. Thus assured the media supported by polls, states emphatically that Britain must not provoke Hitler’s wrath. To combat low polling numbers and bad PR, Churchill’s political handlers advise a change in policy and image. Churchill’s stance against Germany is deemed to be too xenophobic and unnecessarily rough. After all didn’t Hitler state that he admired the British Empire and wanted to cooperate with it? With 300.000 men safely back from Dunkirk Churchill can claim a victory of sorts and start to repair relations with the Nazi’s. Churchill’s handlers advocate a kindler, gentler centrist Churchill. Churchill must stop the anti-German rhetoric, open up trade ties with Greater German Europe, understand the importance of the Nazi philosophy in elevating society and developing human greatness, pay homage to the great artifacts of European culture developed by German genius, and admit that he was wrong about the handling of the war’s early period. They propose that Churchill meet Hitler in Paris to discuss the mutual benefices of cooperation and tolerance. Before doing so Churchill will be photographed at German intellectual institutions and gatherings in London and be seen reading Germany history and philosophy in order to show his sensitivity to German high culture. In late June 1940 Churchill delivers a press conference clarifying the change in British policy, and stating that he was mistaken about Hitler and now admits he admires this ‘greatest of German leaders’. Churchill emphasizes that he wants to avoid war, bloodshed and societal destruction and resolve all disputes in a spirit of human rights, love, and cultural relativity. He calls for international arbitration and a ‘New League of Nations’ to adjudicate all disputes between German Europe and Britain. After all, as Churchill states during the press reading, no one can possibly imagine that an Anglo Saxon culture is superior to that of the Teuton. Indeed as provided by the media and sundry academics and the recent Hitlerian success it is clear that Germany is a superior civilization to that of Britain. Lastly Churchill offers peace and implores Hitler to grant humane and favorable terms so that, in Churchill’s words, ‘the great civilizations of German and English speaking peoples, can move forward together to broad sunlit uplands.’ The British public are jubilant. Polls reveal that Churchill’s support rebounds from 13 % to 44 % almost overnight. The press is enthusiastic in their praise of this ‘far-sighted elder statesman who takes the middle and centrist course eschewing death and war’. Atlee and Halifax taken by surprise grudgingly admit that Churchill has implemented most of their ideas, though they caution that ‘many details are missing’. International politicians call Churchill’s volte-face a brilliant and humanitarian move, which ensures peace and prosperity. Amnesty International and the Red Cross state that German dominated Europe does not suffer from human rights abuses or concentration camp murders and lend support to Churchill’s magnanimous gesture, stating that they see little in Hitler’s empire that should spark concern. British music stars and movie celebrity’s hold a gala in which British and German politicians and notables toast their respective empire’s health. Churchill’s handlers rush to provide photo-ops of Churchill shaking hands with assorted celebrities and to be seen chatting to Nazi intellectuals to better understand their civilisational philosophy. There is even one photo of Churchill crying while listening to a Wagnerian opera. In early August 1940 Hitler and Churchill pose for photos in Paris, shake hands, and commit each empire to a 10 year truce with special economic arrangements. The British are forced to mothball the Royal Navy in a show of good will. Unilateralists are overjoyed and ‘peace missions’ to Germany, which are used to establish a bond of ‘trust and love between the two great peoples’, headed by environmentalists, human rights lawyers, and the well to do sons of the political and business elite, receive ample news coverage. The media, experts and pundits all state that a world war is now avoided. However the Japanese fuelled by military fascism and jingoistic propaganda are convinced that a supine, lazy, stupid America is an easy target. Meeting in Hong Kong, Japanese and German strategists plan the destruction of US naval power. Hitler states in private meetings that the British can be destroyed after the Germans and Japanese annihilate the US fleet and shipping yards. Without US naval assistance Hitler reasons, Britain naturally falls. Tojo describes the Americans as ‘immoral consumerists and sensualists’, laughing at US culture and backwardness and predicts an easy time of wrecking the US navy. Hitler agrees that if Tojo destroys the US Pacific fleet he will immediately declare war and attack US Atlantic shipping and port installations. Hitler predicts that a combined German-Japanese naval attack will destroy the US navy within 6 months and shortly thereafter Britain can be invaded. Detailed German plans for the destruction of US Atlantic shipping assets is drafted. On December 7 1941 the Japanese efface the US navy at Pearl Harbor and land paratroopers throughout the island chain, taking Hawaii in a few hours. The remaining US army and naval units in Hawaii capitulate. Tojo’s forces follow this easy triumph with concerted naval and land raids along the Alaskan and Californian coasts. The Germans now join in. During December 1941 the entire US coastline on both the West and East are subject to unrelenting Japanese and German raids and sporadic bombings. The psychological effect on the US is overwhelming. Though Roosevelt declared war immediately after December 7 1941, a section of Congress and the House wanted nothing to do with war or hostilities. Much like Churchill Roosevelt now finds himself under sustained media and political attack. The effective and coordinated Germano-Japanese attacks shake the US to its foundation. Roosevelt’s war budget and war powers act in early 1942 fails to pass both Houses. The media calls for arbitration between the great powers of Japan, Germany and the US. Opposition politicians state that no international support exists for the US and it is time to negotiate. German and Japanese money, bribes and coercion have been effective in the third world. The Arab league with German money as an inducement, unanimously declares that Hitler’s Jewish policy is the only way to solve the ‘Semitic problem’. In exchange for military and economic support Germany receives favorable oil supplies and prices from the Arab League. Latin America, Africa, and Asia recipients of vast quantities of German and Japanese investments and political arm twisting all declare that Germany and Japan are liberators. The US media dutifully reports that most of the world is anti-american and laments about what can be done. Regional and national groups in the third world publish a long list of Anglo Saxon crimes and refer to the newly created World Court, indictment terms against both Churchill and Roosevelt. The newly instituted ‘Latin American Freedom League’, and newly created ‘African Unity Bloc’ both proclaim the US and England racist colonial powers and call for the conviction in the World Court of both Churchill and Roosevelt on grounds of ‘the historical and modern destruction of non-white Anglo Saxon peoples and civilizations’. The World Court convenes in recently Nazi liberated Baghdad to hear evidence against the US and Britain. The hastily convened ‘New League of Nations’ sitting in Rome since January 1942 states that Germany and Japan are not guilty of war crimes and have only reversed Anglo-Saxon white imperialism. A proposal is forwarded in the New League of Nations by Germany’s ally Italy, which had just finished the subjugation of Ethiopia, Libya and Tunisia, to force the US and Britain to pay reparations for victims of African slavery. The proposition easily passes. The media in the US and Britain report these proceedings in great detail and put forward theories elaborating the justness and goodness of the German and Japanese empires and why international institutions, cooperation and above all understanding, are vital. The US media and academic lectures relate statistics which purportedly show both Japanese and German GDP growth rising at about 8 % per annum, with unemployment at 2 %. Polling data shows happy and contented citizens in both German Europe and Japanese Asia. Domestic US and British polls reveal that most consider Germany and Japan to be the harbingers of the future and that both the US and Britain must pay for past crimes of imperialism. A US news poll states that 59 % of Americans believe that Hitler and Tojo have just grievances and historical rights to their empire while 67 % believe that Britain and America were guilty of criminal imperial conduct. Meanwhile US-British trade due to U-Boat embargoes and appeasement philosophies dissipates to 10 % of pre 1939 levels. High unemployment, low trade and investment, rationing, and loss of civic freedoms as both the US and British governments impose drastic security measures and censorship befall both nations. Shortly after the convening of the New League of Nations in Rome and the expulsion of the US representative on the grounds that ‘US slavery of blacks cannot be condoned in a world body’ , Roosevelt faces domestic impeachment for war crimes for interning Japanese Americans. The thousands of US dead, a destroyed Pacific fleet and ruined communities on both coasts are ignored. The media runs endless recitations of Japanese internment camp footage and abuse. In addition the domestic US political opposition repeatedly and endlessly documents the elitist upbringing of Roosevelt, his avoidance of any military duty whatsoever, his persistent womanizing and whiskeying, and his crippling illness. Privately in back rooms Roosevelt is given an option – officially sign an armistice with Germany and Japan, pay reparations to the New League of Nations for past US crimes, or face impeachment. As well part of this deal includes the repudiation of Churchill and Great Britain and a stern denouncement of the evil actions of the British empire in times current and past. Roosevelt complies. The US media focuses on the terrible conditions of Germans interned in Britain and hails Roosevelt’s volte-face and pro-German policy as ‘far sighted and nuanced.’ In early March 1942 the US ratifies in both Houses a non-aggression pact and economic treaty with both Japan and Hitler. As part of the deal the US must destroy its navy and long range missiles and guarantee that it will not aid Britain in the event of war. Roosevelt signs the document citing poll numbers which state that 65 % of Americans do not like the idea of a war, and that 50 % of Americans do not trust Churchill or the British. The media publish stories on Churchill’s drunkenness, excessive European and German GDP growth and show US actors and writers in Tokyo, who document the perfection of Japanese solidarity and their amazement at Japanese economic success. One actress gushes that she will soon move to Tokyo to be at ‘the centre of man’s future’. The impeachment case against Roosevelt is dropped and the media stops running footage of Japanese internment camp abuses. Roosevelt is saved. Much to media and academic amazement during 1943 fascist military autocracies take over the main nation states in Africa, Latin America, Mexico, and South Asia. The few critics who protested appeasement under the guise of the ‘domino effect’ are suddenly proved correct. For some weeks the US and British media appear confused. Then the political and media elite begin to recast the story. Indeed the spread of fascism excites the media and academic elite who are effusive of their praise of ‘these strong brave leaders, leading their countries to a better future.’ Only a handful of quasi-democracies remain and these, the mainstream media assures its public, are historical oddities. Ubermensch ideology and communitarian fascism are pronounced in editorials and classrooms as mankind’s future. The German-American Club for Freedom and its President Henry Ford, explain to the US public that the German model is the society of historical destiny. Ford goes on an extensive public tour describing the massive business opportunities for Ford and other corporations in Europe and his respect for Hitler. After all Ford reasons, ‘Hitler has provided security and continuity – both are essential for business planning.’ On a popular TV talk show Ford describes his thrill in meeting the Fuhrer stating ‘never have I met such a great man. He is a monument of history.’ In contrast Ford describes his meeting with Churchill on the same trip as disappointing and describes Churchill as a ‘sodden, drunken relic of the British racist imperialist past.’ Orsen Wells produces a sycophantic film on Hitler, and George Orwell is first fined then imprisoned in England for writing anti-fascist essays. Environmental studies are published showing how careful Germany and Japan are with their natural resources and how green their societies are. The German idea of recycling plastic and paper using green bins becomes widely emulated. German pop music and Japanese dress become quite popular. Across the US and Britain political science courses dealing with ‘Dialectical Materialism and Fascist Destiny’ become the campus rage and German language enrollments blossom. Sensitivity courses on cultural differences are encouraged in high school. In a private meeting of the great powers in Yalta in April 1943 Hitler threatens Roosevelt with a combined Soviet-German invasion of the US East coast unless the US increases its shipments in oil and key military-industrial technologies in exchange for bartered goods, labor camp produced product, and Russian wheat. Roosevelt without a Navy complies though he tells Hitler that the concentration camps and Jewish liquidation is creating domestic political problems in the US as reporters slowly report on these atrocities across Europe. Hitler replies that the camps and the elimination of the Jews are mere capitalist fantasies and that Roosevelt must silence such slander. Roosevelt is also non-plussed when Hitler demands, in exchange for decreasing European tariff barriers from 100 to 96 %, that the US limit its airforce to 10 squadrons available for domestic security. High unemployment, lagging industrial production and a world economy which is increasingly marginalized and closed off, dropping polling numbers and unrest in sensitive re-election states, convince the US President to sign the accord. Roosevelt is thus able to proclaim a great diplomatic and economic triumph to the US media forecasting a 15 % rise over 2 years in US exports to Europe. Roosevelt’s poll numbers move up to above a 55 % approval rating with many polls citing that by standing up to Hitler Roosevelt has proven himself to be a strong leader. Meanwhile in England a confused, and angry Churchill loses his Conservative leadership in a coup plotted by Halifax and Anthony Eden. Tired of Churchill’s obstinacy and endless nagging over German aggression and fascist destruction of liberty, the moderate centrists of the Conservative party assemble a convention and on a one member-one vote basis, vote 78 % in demanding the resignation of the obstinate unrealistic Churchill. Churchill’s steadily anti-German policy is for the Halifax-Eden group not centrist or nuanced enough. The resolution against Churchill was particularly scathing about Churchill’s lack of compassion towards Germanic historical grievances, the role of the Jew in destroying German culture and Churchill’s apparent inability to appear sensitive in public alienating the female, gay and media voting blocs. The political destruction of Churchill according to media polls is favorably endorsed by 72 % of the population. Weary, sick and dazed by what has transpired Churchill becomes ill and dies 6 months after being ousted from office. Roosevelt in great pain from his polio, fatigued and belittled by innuendo and conflicting poll numbers and media disparagement, quietly slips into death 2 weeks later. Charles Lindbergh takes over the leadership of the Democratic party and easily wins election as President with his party dominating in a landslide both the House and Senate. US polls cite the pro-German Lindbergh with 87 % popular support. Further polls state that 42 % of Americans feel that their best ally is Germany with 32 % citing Japan. Only 15 % believe that Britain is a worthwhile ally. TV media coverage documents the new era of ‘responsible American international orientation.’ Funding for the New League of Nations is doubled. Hollywood starlets burble about the alluring sensual mystique of pure Aryan Nazism. American women flock to Berlin seeking marriage with virtuous beautiful Nazi men and to escape the mongrel culture of America. One year after their deaths both Churchill and Roosevelt are indicted by their national legislatures and the World Court in Baghdad as war criminals for imperialist crimes against humanity. Six months later Britain is invaded and conquered by a massive Euro-Germany army. In May of 1945 the US agrees to hand over its continental coastal territories in the west to Japan and in the east to Germany in order to avoid a direct invasion. As well the remaining nub of American sovereignty stops all military and nuclear arms production. The US media declares this a realistic foreign policy stating that 64 % of Americans feel that war is evil. A last poll cites 85 % of Americans as being confused and afraid with 75 % stating that they don’t trust the media or the political elite. After Germany and Japan reorder their new US based territories, all media transmission and polling data suddenly and dramatically, stops. It is unclear what percent of the population supported this action.

TERRORISM could be the best tool or toy the arrogant states could employ to terrorize innocent people. It has become an international norm to emulate the Western and Indian media reporting and make analyses strictly according to their mindsets; any deviation or diversion from the “usual” ways is resisted and badly condemned by their global agents. My views not conforming to Indian or US media modes are, therefore, have not been digested by a few select Hindu friends who other wise read me regularly wherever I manage to get them published. On Mumbai terrorism, some of the criticism made by them is as horrible as the terrorist acts themselves. They are unable to stand my stubbornly refusing to attack Pakistan as the Indian and US media religiously do, or as the Israeli media elaborately decode the “Islamic terrorism” in their own ways. From the expressions these Indians make about my observations on Mumbai Nov26 reveal a possibility that some of them have just escaped from some mental hospital without completing the treatment. I only pity them.

Indians have again proved they are the best chess players and the high precision shooters. Most probably, the Indian strategists and media were keen to trace the terror links freedom fighting Kashmiris and to trap some more “Afzals” under Mumbai terrorism category and delay the freedom movement. Some how, that strategy did not work this time around. And Kashmiris are to that extent safe, though they are harassed every where.

Considering the Muslims as cheap, US-led Western powers and their Eastern allies like Israel and India harp on terrorism to terrorize the Muslims and deny what is their due in the ever-growing development of global economy. Generally, the terrorism acts look formidable and real because of the heavy death tolls and media hype to terrorize the innocent people by making them believe that some private Muslims- terrorists, supported by a few Islamic states, alone are responsible for this ghastly terror affair.

Indian Strategy of unleashing terror on innocent Muslims directly or in a proxy manner has indeed worked very well so far in its favor, because Hindus rule and control Indian system and could easily ruin any one it does not like. India is a known terrorist state with its continuous genocide of innocent Kashmiris in their own lands now under Indian occupation. Although only recently the world has come to know about involvement of Hindus and their organizations as well as military agencies in terrorist activities to defame Islam and kill Muslims, these nefarious activities have been going on for decades since Indian separatists got independence from UK . The terrorist acts in Indian towns are the hidden strategies of Indian majority people to deny any benefits to Muslims and malign neighboring nations on account of terrorists.

Mumbai mayhem reveals glitteringly that terrorism ploy could help the colonialists and imperialist nations to advance their global interests. Cash-rich India wants dominate world affairs, influence the world organizations, retain Jammu Kashmir under military occupation, and kill Muslims, especially the Kashmiris without any trials once they are brought to its terror custody. In the name of “law & order’, Muslims all over the country are arrested and jailed on the eve of anniversary of demolition of grand Babri Mosque by the militant Hindu Jihads, while Kashmiri Muslims struggling for their sovereignty back form occupier India are being persecuted, tortured and killed on their own lands, Kashmir. India needs no obstructions to their killing of Muslims either in jails or outside. Under the cover of Mumbai terrorism and as pressed by Indian media-cum-intelligence, Indian government is on its way to pass a law to deny the Muslims the right to bail.

The kinds of inflammatory articles being arranged for publication by global media magnets are notorious for their insights and analysis. These days only the US-led nations like Israel and India are capable of inform the world about what is happening, how and why. The entire burden of their arguments are to show how bad the Muslims, the so-called “terrorists”. When the so-called democracies say something people tend to believe, after all the USA does not tell lie so are the Hindus and Israelis, they think. India media has made it point to equate terrorists with Muslims as if Muslims are terrorists and they should be brutally killed.

After suspecting Pakistan for its possible involvement in Mumbai terror, the USA now has cleared PakistanUSA makes a statement it becomes an international law. It is no more a secret strategy of India that it seeks international, especially the American, sympathy on terrorism plank, essentially when New Delhi has been for quite some time making all out efforts for coming closer to USA and other big powers, by focusing on terrorism acts. And exactly the Mumbai terrorism ploy India is keen to utilize officially to claim a seat on the notorious UNSC. off any such involvement. When

State Terrorism in “innocent” India

Even after killing thousands of innocent Kashmiris, destroying the grand Babri Mosque and torturing Indian Muslims in jails after the fall of Babri Mosque, India still calls itself a peace-loving nation, a secular democracy every body else a terrorist state. While presenting a false image abroad as peace loving and “terror victim” nation, India indeed is problem for the neighborhood. India ’s neighbors have been subjected to its hegemony and intimidating behaviour. Now as a terror prone state, India has become a threat to the security of its neighborhoods. Entire South Asia region is insecure now. The moment the Mumbai terror attack commenced, without wasting a single breath, Indian media, its establishment and political leadership, in unison, as if following a printed script, began not only blaming Pakistan for the attack, but started threatening war. Indian media have helped their government to unleash hatred on Pakistanis. By using some self-centered Muslims to write ugly things about Muslims and praise Indianness and Indian greatness, etc, which by itself is vulture culture and vulgar, they tell the West that Muslims are pretty happy in Hindu’s country.

India has been in constant tough not only with US-led terrorist west, but also Israel that kills Muslims in its vicinity. Indian media still harp on the “trained terrorists” from Pakistan as a ploy to bully the Muslims in India , Kashmir, Pakistan and Bangladesh and else where. India , as usual, calls Pakistan , Bangladesh and Nepal as terrorist laboratories to train terrorists against India . Indian terrorism experts repeatedly ask Indian forces to wage a war with Pakistan , just as the Neocons do in Washington pressing for Iranian invasion before Bush leaves the scene from behind.

India very effectively played its part in Mumbai terrorism by comparing it with Sept11 of the USA . By dong so India is sending a message to US-Israel combine that it is a genuine and natural ally they can trust in future joint operations. The western powers want to influence the church by making Islam appear to be a terrorist religion. By terrorizing humanity in the name of terrorism, they want to fix a terrible problem in their own religious community. Sept11 “suspected” are coerced to seek guilty. Something similar to this is what the Indo-US service personnel have in mind to do before closing the file.

Today the globalizing world is geared to accept any thing the anti-Islamic global media say about Islam and Muslims. The terrorism stories they manufacture to feed the developing world just laugh at Muslims make the non-Muslims persecute Muslims, terrorize them and spread all sorts of rumors about them; essentially all this is being done meticulously to insult Muslims and defame Islam. By emulating the US style rhetoric, IndiaPakistan is not ruled out. In a tactical move, Indian authorities have included in the list of 20, some people wanted by the USA to make a common cause between two strategic partners. Incidentally the list of 20 people is not new. It is the same which India presented in 1993 and 2002. India would continue to press for its demand and Pakistan would not hand over any one till evidence beyond any reasonable doubt of involvement of any Pakistani is presented to it. has said that all options are on table and military action against

Indian media say Taj terrorists are hiding in Pakistan . Indian media generally come to know about what happens to Hindus the world around and who occupies what position and who is harassed where, etc. But what atrocities Indians do in India, Kashmir and else where are not made available to these “innocent” media magnets. Not even what the Indian terror forces do with Kashmiris in Kashmir, men, old and young, women and children. So obviously what India does to Pakistanis in Pakistan does not find any place in Indian media.

Recent debates have exposed the tyrannical state regimes engaged in terrorism activities. The Malegaon blast case has totally tarnished the self importance image of Hindus and now they talk about” terrorism has no religion” from the earlier stand that “Hindus are not terrorists, but only Muslims are so” they revised their position by stating that terrorism has no religion; Encouraged by this official Hindu view, even Muslims write that terrorism has no religion and all terrorists are not Muslims. And the stuff like that makes Indian secularism rather “vibrant” for foreigners. A fear complex terrifies Indian Muslims and that is the fact.

India for a long time enjoyed the global sympathy by spreading false news about Islamic terrorism in IndiaIndia and around. Slowly many more stunning facts got revealed and it has been proved that the Indian military which essentially functions under the Pentagon is also involved in Indian terrorist activities. Self-styled godman Dayanand Pandey has emerged as one of the key persons in the Malegaon blast case. During his narco analysis test, he had revealed that it was sadhvi Pragya Singh who had allegedly masterminded the Malegaon blasts. He also mentions during the test that he had introduced the sadhvi to Lt Col Purohit who in turn allegedly helped in undertaking the attack. The question now is how did Pandey get in touch with Purohit and what is the association between these two men. During the test conducted on Pandey at Bangalore last week, he goes on to explain as to how he got in touch with Purohit. In a state of trance, Pandey reveals that while working for the Indian Air Force, he got in touch with Purohit who was in the military intelligence at that time. He said both of them came close as they worked in the Marathwada region. However, Pandey was sacked from service due as he had committed some irregularities. Later, he went on to start an ashram. He reveals that that in the ashram, he sheltered several boys. Investigating agencies claim that some of the boys were anti social elements and used to work for Pandey. Joshi is the same man, the sadhvi claims she sold her two-wheeler to. The same two-wheeler was used in the Malegaon blasts, which claimed six lives. Pandey states that he got to know of Pragya after she had taken sanyas. The self-styled godman says this was when the plan was hatched to carry out a strike. According to Pandey, the plan was hatched and each one was assigned a different role. While Pandey coordinated the attack, Sadhvi was in charge of planting the bombs while Purohit took care of assembling the bombs and arranging the explosives, Pandey further revealed to a startled investigating team. Purohit too had revealed during his narco analysis test that he had sought the help of local persons in Malegaon to assemble the bombs. The “material” was brought in from Jammu and later stored in Pune. The rest is already history and Pakistan is beng blamed for the Indian terrorism. and Hindus being the “victims”. In fact many western columnists shed tears over their anti-Islamic format of writings. Then all of a sudden the world woke to the fact that Hindus are the terrorists in

Thus, a combined gang of Hindu religious and military and anti-Islamic militant forces are fully engaged in terrorist activities and the media-cum-intelligence would pass on he bam on Muslims. Finally the judiciary, taking clues form Media reports, pass their own pro-Hindu judgments.

Fake Sept 11 Trials: Former President Bush won his send term by using Islamic terrorism plank. By opening secret prisons across the world, Bush convinced the Americans of severity of “Islamic terrorism”. During the current presidential poll, terrorism occupied the top slot in debates. Neocons still harp on terrorism plank. The US-led terror forces that control the judicial process at Guantanamo Bay, where Muslims are being tortured in the name of investigation, seem to coerce those in secret prisons to make confessions of involvement for winding up the cases in US favor. No one knows for sure why the terror forces have picked up those in jails. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a Pakistani, the self-styled “mastermind of the terror attacks” and four co-defendants said they wanted to confess in a note to a military judge at Guantanamo Bay. Mohammed and four others – Ramzi Binalshibh, Mustafa Ahmed al Hawsawi, Walid bin Attash and Ali Abdul Aziz Ali – were charged earlier this year with conspiring with al-Qaeda to kill civilians. Although in which way these people were involved in the Sept11 which is seen mainly as the US ploy to retain NATO and attack Islamic regime Afghanistan with Russian help. They face 2,973 counts of murder, one for each person killed when al Qaeda militants crashed hijacked airliners into the World Trade Center , the Pentagon and a Pennsylvania field. They however said in an earlier hearing that they welcomed martyrdom.

The judge, Colonel Steven Henley, said he would question them “from A to Z” to ensure they understood the impact of their decision, which could see them face the death penalty. He read from the defendants’ note, which began: “We, all five, have reached an agreement to request from the commission an immediate hearing session in order to announce our confessions … with our earnest desire in this regard without being under any kind of pressure, threat, intimidations or promise from any party.” The note said all five wish to withdraw all pending motions filed by their military-appointed lawyers, whom they do not trust and have tried to fire. “I do not trust any Americans,” Mohammed said in English during an appearance before the judge. Obviously, how could they trust the global terrorists?

Of course, any terrorism trial is bound to be a farce since terrorism is being caused by the nuclear powers like USA, India and Israel . Saddam’s cruel murder in Iraq has vividly showcased what is store for Muslims in the world today, if they oppose anti-Islamic phobia. US-led terror nations depend too much on their loyal global media for propaganda war. The media have done yeomen service to USA in the anti-Islamic campaigns. Trials and judgments all would have to follow USA approach against Islam.

Official Story about Mumbai terrorism : Having fixed their focus on Pakistan , Indian sources fabricated some “facts” and some other “evidence” to book Pakistanis first, before lay8ng hands on others. According to sources in the Mumbai police, coastguard, and commandos, a ship carried the terrorists from Karachi to Indian side where bots were hired; the trawler was taken over at sea by at least 10 young men, aged between 20 and 23 years, carrying backpacks and bags, Investigators still do not know what the men were sailing on and where they were coming from when they took over the trawler – though suspicion has fallen on the Pakistani port city of Karachi. What they do know is that the men tied up one of the crew in the trawler’s engine room, and slit his throat. The abandoned trawler was found by Indian coastguard ships more than three nautical miles off Mumbai. When coastguards boarded the vessel, they found the dead crew member, plus a satellite phone and GPS tracker that possibly belonged to the trawler’s crew.

Investigators told the BBC that the tracker showed “a return mapping for Karachi “, leading to speculation that the men who attacked Mumbai had planned to return in the same trawler. A ferry doing about 20 knots can cover the 506-nautical mile distance between Karachi and Mumbai in a little over 24 hours. After abandoning the trawler, the men opened the inflatable dinghies they were carrying and sailed into Mumbai waters early on 26 November, a little more than 10 hours before the attack, investigators say. An abandoned dinghy has been recovered in the sea off one of the many fishing colonies which dot the city’s coast. One of the top investigating officers told the BBC that the gunmen – nine were eventually killed and one arrested – split up into four groups and took the city’s rickety black-and-yellow Fiat taxis from the fishing colony at Cuffe Parade to some of the locations they planned to attack. They say the men left grenades or bombs inside the taxis before they got out. The taxis exploded soon after, killing two drivers and one bystander.

Indian official fiction equals the American stuff. Indian media pointed to Karachi as the source of Mumbai terrorism. From Deccan Mujahidin, the intelligence controlled media quickly switched to Pakistan as a safe space to point an accusing finger. India then said enemy came form Karachi for terrorism in India though on Indian Ocean enemy could come from any direction and far from the South Asia region. It is mind boggling that how these could invisible eleven could came from Karachi to Mumbai after crossing 21 Indian radars in a journey of 50 hours. But Indian Ocean links Mumbai not just with Karachi ; it goes beyond Asia , into other continents. Any ordinary map would show that. The usual blame game of India accusing Pakistan of any terror experiments in India continues with a view to destroying the evidence s in India . From 26 for a week Indian media quite aptly confused the world as much as they could while Indian intelligence wings were seen busy with removing any cues of the terrorism.

Mumbai coastline is intensely monitored twenty four hours by high tech helicopters, hovercrafts, speed boats and vassals equipped with latest surveillance electronic gadgets .Every boat and ship entering Indian coastline is scanned. Even a small fishing boat crossing littoral waters is intercepted in minutes. The Indian radars can monitor activity of any vassal leaving far beyond Karachi – as far as Gawadar. Indian media have generated news to keep the emotionally struck Indian and global masses in good humors.

The first round of attacks took place around the Chhatrapati Shivaji Railway Terminus or the Victoria Terminus, when gunmen entered the platforms and fired on people indiscriminately. They walked out of the station after the carnage, and shot three policemen and fired at journalists gathered near a cinema to record the event. Then they took a police van and drove off. A flat tyre forced the gunmen to abandon the police van. The men then stole a Skoda car and drove towards the seafront Marine Drive , just as the other groups of gunmen were attacking a cafe, two luxury hotels and a Jewish cultural centre. The story goes saying that as the Skoda took a zigzag route through the streets of Mumbai, the men inside opened fire in several locations – including at the Cama and Albless hospital for women and children.

Police say they intercepted the Skoda on the seafront and shot at it, killing one of the gunmen and arresting the other. Twenty-one-year-old Azam Amir Qasab, who police say is from Pakistan ’s Punjab province, is now the investigators’ key to unraveling the planning that went into the attacks. Commandos who fought early pitched battles with the gunmen in the two luxury hotels, the Taj Mahal and Oberoi Trident, say that the lithe attackers moved quickly from room to room and climbed up and down floors to throw them off tracks. The gunmen set fire to curtains and threw grenades to distract the commandos, according to federal commando chief JK Dutt. “We found a lot of unexploded grenades inside the hotel. They damaged a lot of property. It was senseless violence,” he said. They also found lots of dry fruits, Indian and American currency, ammunition and fake Mumbai college student identity cards in the bags the gunmen had left behind during the attacks. “We are checking whether the gunmen had any local support. But what we are sure is that they were not from India, and had trained in and were carrying stuff – AK-56, AK-47 and 9mm revolvers and hand grenades possibly of Chinese make,” said an investigator.

Indo-Global media scheming

The efficiency of global media in churning out analyses in connivance and tune with the views intelligence and government authorities is proved whenever a terrorist makes news. These vibrant media have a lot of stuff cooked up and cut to the needs of the state machinery to feed the public and mould their opinion and mindset. The full cooperation and complete obedience are taken for granted by global governments and intelligence. Mumbai terrorism has once again given another opportunity to prove their anti-Islamic credentials.

The intelligence wings of Indo-US have been harping on ‘gathering” information about the Mumbai terrorism to fix, if not Pakistan , at east one of the Islamic groups or random individuals for the terror attacks and close the files. Indian agencies are churning out new materials for that. New details have been slowly emerging about the early stages of the Mumbai terror attacks. The story of the Mumbai terror attacks likely began when a private fishing trawler with five crew members set sail on the Arabian Sea off the coast of Porbandar in India ’s western Gujarat state on 13 November.

Pressed by Indian intelligence and media to go for a war with “little” Pakistan , India has begun provocative maneuvers on Pakistan air space. Pakistan has said two Indian warplanes violated its airspace on 13 Dec and they flew up to 7.4km into the Lahore and Azad Kashmir sectors, sources said. Indian Air Force spokesman denied the allegation and perhaps it does not want a real war with Pakistan , a nuclear power and a major non-NATO ally because NATO would take steps to protect its ally by all means. India ’s foreign minister denied making a “threatening” phone call that prompted Pakistan to put its forces on alert, the call was a hoax. Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said Pakistan ’s air force remained “on alert and ready to face any eventuality, but we do not expect this to escalate. There is no need for alarm.” Pakistani jets had responded, forcing the Indian aircraft to turn back.

Pakistan, under cross border compulsions, got sucked into the Afghan trouble back in December 1979 when the Red Army and Soviet troops occupied that country. Pakistan often, obediently, offers its mercenary services to Western countries, but this one has, by now, gone on for an atrocious three decades. Pakistan ’s US services have, by now, brought Pakistan to ruin — and put a question mark on its very existence. The US had dubbed that fight against Soviets as “Islamic jihad,” but in fact it was a war between two superpowers — Washington and Moscow . Hindu terror attack in Pakistan received no mention in Indian media. Three Pakistanis died in Peshawar and Lahore during violent street protests against Danish cartoons that had satirized the Prophet Muhammad. More such mass protests followed weeks later. But more Pakistanis die to defend their own lands from foreign invaders.

Mumbai Nov 26 was a disastrous act of terror and did affect the international community psyche. India is quite eager to compare the domestic terrorist actions with Sept11 and take mileage for its notorious actions domestically. The international community was looking at the issue of own home grown Indian terrorists. The Indian government is trying its best to get maximum benefit and advantage on Mumbai Nov26 from the international community as well as create a nationalistic fervor towards itself. Why India is employing all propaganda tactics to get attention and help from the West and US. Immediately the attention is diverted by the intelligence controlled Indian medial from the Army officers and men involved in terrorism. The bad name and negative image of the army was creating problems as the people were becoming aware of realities. The morale of Indian army was also low. The Indian political parties are going to cash on the issue of terrorism. The Government will try to derive full mileage in this context.

Islamabad has been blamed as a “non-state actor” for the attacks and has vowed to cooperate with investigations, but has also repeatedly said anyone caught in Pakistan would be tried in Pakistan . Singh later said India wanted good relations with Pakistan but again urged Islamabad to do more to stamp out militant groups operating on its soil. But he is reluctant talk about homebred terrorism by Hindus.

India quickly announced to go far a war with Pakistan , but a war would be counterproductive by strengthening the hands of hawks and extremists in India and Pakistan . There was clear cut evidence of hawala funds coming to pro-Hindutva elements who were involved in planning terrorist acts. The RDX which was used in these incidents was stolen from Indian army depots. Those who understand the various aspects of terrorism and are up-to-date about how the Indian print and electronic media is constantly revealing stories of Hindu extremists and their militants who are involved in terrorist activities in Gujarat, Orissa, Kandhamal, Maharastra.

British premier Gordon Brown rushed to India and Pakistan to arrange for the trial of those caught. In Islamabad , Brown proposed a new British-Pakistan “pact against terror,” saying “three-quarters of the most serious terrorist plots investigated by the British authorities have links to al Qaeda in Pakistan .” British Prime Minister Gordon Brown blamed banned Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba for last month’s deadly Mumbai attacks as tension between nuclear-armed neighbors India and Pakistan simmered Brown also offered India help with forensic investigation, stepping up airport security and offered to cooperate on dealing with security at major sporting events. Brown said Britain would expand its counter-terrorism assistance program to Pakistan , offering help with bomb disposal, bomb scanning equipment and airport security. He also announced Britain would fund a six million pound program to tackle the causes of radicalization, using educational materials.

Terrorism & Poll: Nov 26 Mumbai terrorism, no matter by whom and how it was attempted, has taken place just on the eve of the polls and the polls verdicts were expected to be influenced by the horrors of terror. Much before the Indian government decided to use the opportunity to fix Pakistan and escape global criticism of its handling of the crisis and security lapses, etc, the Indian media declared war on Pakistan within minutes of the carnage.

Recent poll results in 5 Indian states reveal one important factor about emerging political polarizations in the country. It looks Nov26 Mumbai terrorism has helped in some measure to resolve the three party or block choices. India wants to decimate the number of Political platforms and reduce them into two blocks and leaving the so-called third front insignificant. The 5 state polls have done that following the Mumbai terrorism, people were given two choices on terrorism issue to choose from.

In a crucial electoral contest ahead of the parliamentary elections early next year, India ’s ruling Congress bested the BJP in three out of five states that went to the polls in staggered elections that ended on December 4. Although the Congress outsmarted the BJP, the party is not all happy about the outcome. The outcome of the staggered elections between November 14 and December 4 sparked off speculation about early Lok Sabha elections”Mr Clean” image has helped the parties to win the polls. Leaders blamed the loss on infighting in party ranks. Delhi, as was expected, brought back Dikshit government more convincingly than other wise. The hopes of the BJP have been badly shattered now and now looking to newer strategies to outsmart Congress. While the Congress retained power for a record third five-year term in Delhi , wrested Mizoram and ousted the BJP in Rajasthan, but losing to it decisively in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in assembly elections that were the last popularity test ahead of the Lok Sabha battle.

In Rajasthan’s 200-member legislature, the Congress emerged the largest party winning 96 seats and was set to form the government taking help from among 25 independents including rebels from its own ranks. And in north-eastern Mizoram, the Congress ended the Mizo National Front’s (MNF) 10-year reign marred by corruption, sweeping 37 of the 40 assembly seats. In Madhya Pradesh, former chief minister and Bharatiya Jan Shakti (BJS) founder president Uma Bharati, a fire brand anti-Muslim lost from the Tikamgarh seat, her home turf.

Even as BJP supporters celebrated in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, party leaders admitted that the results were disappointing, especially the rout in Delhi, where they had been confident of ending 10 years of Congress rule, more so since voting in all states barring Chhattisgarh took place in the shadow of the Mumbai terror carnage. BJP sources admitted that if they had won even three of the four northern states, they would have pressed for early parliamentary polls. The issue of terrorism they had raked against the Congress government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh after the November 26 Mumbai terror attacks and the arrests of Hindu activists following the earlier Malegaon bombings had failed to pay dividends. But the timely resignations by Home minister and Maharastra chief minister have saved Congress in some measure.

The Congress’ most exciting victory came in Delhi where Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, 70, crushed the BJP, winning 40 seats in the 70-member house with results yet to be declared from four constituencies. The biggest hero turned out to be Dikshit, a grandmother who became the first woman in India to lead a party to an assembly election victory for a third term. Even Congress leaders who are normally used to hailing only Sonia Gandhi after every electoral victory gave due credit to Dikshit.

One could say that the Congress bests BJP in ‘semi-final’ battle. But the result will set a momentum for the Lok Sabha elections due in April-May. In summary, it is a surprise that the Congress party gained from the Mumbai terrorism in the polls held in 5 states as “rehearsal” for general elections – and not the opposition BJP as it is generally expected. More glaringly, the terrorism has sped up the process of dismantling the chances for any third front emerging in Indian national scene.

Indian Threat : People do object to foreign invasions and occupation of their lands and it is for the “civilized’ world to take measure to vacate the lands occupied by them, their allies or friends. Kashmiris have been demanding independence back from India. Of late USA and UN have pressed Indian to submit to international pressure on Kashmir and consider surrendering sovereignty back to Kashmir. India now seeks some relief on that account under terrorism plank. India is taking advantage of the situation and playing his own game to get maximum benefit of the situation. The investigators say the aim was to “create an international incident, and anything big in Mumbai would be noticed all over the world”.

In other words, the burden of the delay tactics was to bring the incident look similar or at least closer to Sept11. The hold of the terrorists for three days after the terrorism, their modus operandi, their links, determination all lead to questions which remain unanswered. The Indian scheming are focused on to enable India to come closer to USA as strategic partner under terror wars category. The full investigations might lead to some clues or answers but as already seen that such incidents when happened the investigations were never disclosed if there are insiders involved. A deep sympathy India sought for being a “terror victim’ has been pronounced all over the world, along with for those who died.

As it is known, Pakistan wants 3 Indians for their criminal activities: Advani, Purohit, and Thackeray. However, list is longer than this. Not just these three persons, in fact many people in New Delhi ’s big offices should be on the “wanted” list of UN as well. Indian brute forces have been murdering innocent and defenseless Kashmir since 1947 when Indian quite tactfully annexed its neighboring Jammu Kashmir. All those responsible for the genocides in Kashmir ought to be in a wanted list. India wants to outsmart Pakistan with its own hit-list.

So, India now demands Pakistan to hand over 40 “terrorists”- a revised estimate from its earlier 20 odd- and New Delhi ’s further action would depend on how Islamabad responds. India says Pakistan must surrender some 40 wanted by India on some other cases. It looks sheer joke on Indian part. India claims that the terrorist bosses abroad had a target of 5000 people and the achievement was negligible and no one gives the clues about how and from whom this information has reached the Indian media. Indian terrorism specialists claim evidence is with Pakistan and it should be fetched and not to do Pakistan ’s job; after all Pakistan and other neighbors are expected to India ’s job and not other wise.

Already economically haunted, the Muslims have been facing tough situations around the world on account of the fabricated ‘terrorism’ reports by the global media abetted by the intelligence wings. The anti-Islamic agenda in conjunction with anti-Pakistan-cum-Kashmir goals has stood Hindu India in good stead and blame for all terrorism activities perpetuated by the state agencies and Hindu outfits have been cunningly placed on the defenseless Muslims in India and Kashmir as well the “cross-border-terrorists’ from Pakistan. India media over decades have created a terror image about Muslims around and pleaded with the UN and USA for the total “innocence of Hindustan ” and had asked the world to treat the Muslims as potential terrorists.

Several national and international sources have disclosed that Indian-Hindu politicians of India provide logistical and financial support to terrorists. Hindu Jihads might get hold of New Delhi’s nukes to destroy the remaining mosques and other Islamic monuments. Terror prone India should be a cause of concern to its neighbors, especially Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and obviously Kashmir. There has been a persistent propaganda that Pakistani nukes are not safe and one day might get into hands of terrorists ,But what happened in Mumbai onNov26-28 has raised concerns about security of Indian nuclear assets. It has become a global practice to win elections by employing unjustifiable methods, including wars and terrorism, missile firings, etc and it has been proved that the ruling party gains greatly form such nefarious efforts to influence the voters.

With articles made-to-order on Mumbai terrorism, Indian media somehow hinted the political cause or the poll climate as the possible reason for the Mumbai terrorism and therefore, the England team came back and both India and UK have resumed their cricket game even as the poll game ended with none getting any special mileage from the terrorism. The reports that India took special care not to get the English cricketers killed in the bombings because, possibly, they are the guests of the Indian state and any disaster would have serious consequences for Indian diplomacy especially in the West when it is trying to knock at every large doors in the Western capitals to get endorsements for UNSC seat on account of terrorism experience and being a terror “victim”.

India said the “terrorists” from Pakistan had a target of 5000 persons in Mumbai alone. India said its interrogation of the surviving terrorist indicates that all 10 men come from the Pakistani port of Karachi , and at least one, if not all 10, were Pakistani nationals. Indian wants to see the image of Pakistan gets damaged/weakened in the US and West. As a serious “victim” of terror, India expects to be preferred as their major terror ally of USA and not Pakistan . With different statements and approaching the international forums India can build a psychological pressure on both Pakistan and USA . As an ally to kill Muslims, Pakistan Army is already busy in tribal areas and Balochistan. They are going to worry about eastern borders. Now India would add more problems to Pakistan viz a viz USA.

India eagerly waits for opportunities to stall Indo-Pak peace talks and delay the Kashmir re-independence issue .While any number of terrorist attacks in Pakistan tearing apart that Islamic nation, Pakistan still wants to forge good neighborly relations with India , while any such terrorism in India would immediate call for closing any peace process abruptly. It is because India has to surrender Kashmir under its brute control since 1947 and it wants to retain their control over that nation by scuttling any positive development in the talks and hence the recent peace talks in New Delhi between foreign ministers of Pakistan and India were called off after the Mumbai terrorism.

Indian paper tiger would not attack Pakistan for sure. However, since both are nuclear nations, terrorism of this proportion is bound to elicit devastating consequences for their ties and also for the whole region. Considering that the Taj terror was essentially meant for boosting the recent poll in 5 states, and it had nothing to do with UNSC or non-NATO ally-ship, India is not expected to create another false alarm in Pakistan with a possible war. Two jets were shot down during the Kargil conflict in 1999 under similar situation.

Pakistan wants to help India if it the Indians are sincere and produce credible evidence. At the same time, any reading of the Pakistani English-language press reveals Pakistani voices expressing real anguish and horror over this incident.’ the prominent Karachi-based feminist poet and writer Attiya Dawood: ‘I can’t say whether Pakistan is involved or not, but whoever is involved, it is not the ordinary people of Pakistan, like myself, or my daughters. We are with our Indian brothers and sisters in their pain and sorrow.’ Pakistan ’s information minister confirmed the incursion and said officials had “spoken to the Indian air force and they have said it was inadvertent”. The director of public relations for the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) said the Indian aircraft had violated Pakistani airspace on two separate occasions.

Kashmir remains the root cause of tensions between Pakistan and India and main cause for terrorism. The Indian strategist expect, rather want, the Mumbai violence to adversely affect Pakistan and India relations, Indian government is busy in stressing the point that some outsiders have committed the terrorism. Anti-terror law would terrorize the innocent Kashmiris and Muslims in general further. However, India accepts only praises and does not accept any responsibility for intra- terrorism in the country; does not even hint at its role in terrorism either in Pakistan or Sri Lanka or India but conveniently pass on to Pakistan as a safe goat. Indian strategists know for certain any terrorist action in India would affect its relations with Pakistan and that has indeed happened, or at least is happening now. (Writer-South Asia)

BECOMING A SUGAR COLONY

All these form part of the Sugar Colony:

1-Economy

2-Politics

3-Science

4-Society

Relationship between politics, science, society and economy in Mauritius. To understand this society which is based in the sugar economy. This is the plant which has dominated the island’s agriculture. Since the early 19th century (as from the French period). We are joining other countries, for it need tropical climate also supportive of extensive sugar cane culture. We shares characteristics of these islands. Shares much in common, the Carribean and the pacific as well as the large sugar growing regions as Brazil, La Louisianne and the Natal in South South Africa. Queensland in Australia, St Domingue, Jamaica and Martinique.

When we look at the history of sugar to some historians the ‘canneraie’ symbolize a history of colonialism and coerced labour. As far as this topic is concerned there may be difference in where one is situated in the society. The history of producing and planting sugar cane have different basis.

-Economy

-Manpower

-Political

-Social

-The Economy

It is the sucrose that interest us. It has played a major role in history more than coffee. There will be an increasing demand for sweeteners will encourage farmers to cultivate sugar cane. The creation of a particular method of production in order to maximize this sucrose a scientific affair. We cannot ignore that the part played by scientist in procuring and creating new kinds of canes. And to preserve cane culture and also how to preserve this society and relied on sugar plantation. The pattern of social organization more apt for a sugar economy. Overtime, people have put in effort to improve their yield. Planters and scientist have selected and altered the society always taking into consideration to political, the social and scientific objectives.

‘The sugarcane plants have helped to shape the societies that tried to shape it’. Sugar Cane itself did not determine history, it was a sort of web, in which the cane was only one of the element which was propelled by and by political, society, economy and scientific and technological.

The Sugar Cane plant is a large long lasting grass of which this plant there are five species. Three of these cannot survive without cultivation, marking them dependent on human while the remaining two can grow wild.

The most common species is Saccharum Officianarum and this type originated from New Guinea. It is known as the noble cane. In the 18th and 19th century, most popular found in the European, colonial plantation because of its large size, high sucrose content and its relative ease of harvesting two other cultivated species, the S. Sinesense and the S. Barbers were found South East Asia and North India, less sucrose than 1st one grow more vigorously, suitable to more extreme climatic conditions. The two wild the S. Spontaneum and S. Robustum have never been planted commercially because of low sucrose but more vigorous of the L.S. Species the S. Spontanously more useful in hybridizing with the S. Saccharum Officianarum.

Therefore since the 1930’s almost all canes in commercial cultivation have been hybrid crosses of the Noble Officianarum and Spontaneum. Hundred years ago cane cultivation and selection started in New Guinea. It was there where they grew sugarcane for chewing and ornamentation. From the observation of these people. From New Guinea people have learned how to propagate this S. Officianarrum. The cane was subjected to mutations through hybrids and change the characteristics of the Sugar cane for greater yield and that would grow faster and more. Cloning works well in the case of sugar, it consist of cutting a piece of cane planting in ground and went for it “bouture’.

It could be kept for long see voyages in good shape without being spoiled . Polynesian travelers took advantage on these cane and brought it as far as the Pacific countries. It was a hardy and flexible cane. Today this variety is known as the Creole cane it is a hybrid cross between two unknown varieties of S. Officianarrum and S. Barberi. It comes from India and was propagated by ‘bouture’. It spread from India to China and Persia in 600 A.D. Then to the Islamic world then the Crusade acquired a taste for sugar and they will initiate the early Mediterranean industry by planting the Creole in the New World. In 1420 Prince Henry the navigator, will also propagated to the Canary to Sao Thomes till the west coast of Africa. Christopher Columbus made on his second voyage introduced the Creole Cane in the 16th and 17th century Europe and throughout America. In 1737 in the Isle de France through Labourdonnais although in 1550 the Dutch had already into a noble variety in the isle the Oteiheite Cane. By the Mid-eighteen century the European explorers rely exclusively on the European variety except the Dutch in Java. The European created colonies as one of histories most repulsive history because it means coercive work and abusing of human being. However, as the cane, itself was a hybrid plat of cross-breeding would emerge a cross-bred society of cultural and racial inter-crossing.

Large scale capitalist enterprises.

These plantations were cruel places, code Noire etc., force labour and existence of a population that did not increase naturally, (the master controlled their lives). The integration of trade long distance network as far as trade is concerned that would emerged. Transformation on the ecological system. The cane plantation transformation of ecological system. The continent of Africa was decimated and the historical continuities in the land. Land was deforested to create space and the main focus of the European on the sugar isle. It is very difficult to retrace the beginning of the plantation of sugar cane in Mauritius and the first settlers did not consider that Mauritius was and ideal place for sugar cane production. The first mention of sugarcane in connection with Mauritius was in a December 12, 1641 letter of Antonio Van Diemen, a Dutch governor at Batavia informing the Directors of the VOC that it would not be a difficult matter to obtain slaves for agricultural development in Mauritius and he was thinking about the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, tobacco and indigo.

The Governor of Batavia sent a consignment of ‘bouture’ cuttings by THE WOLF which would arrive in Mauritius in July/August 1650. The first cane would grow well, but when crop reached maturity, rats would damage it almost entirely and would be the plague of the island under the Dutch. Rats were always serious cause of trouble but according to historians rats were given too much attention to rats.

One of the abandonment of cane productions in 1652, this view is widely held as a matter of fact.

1- Very little land open up by settlers salaried employees of VOC paid mainly for exploitation of ebony trees.

2- There was not much colonist to put sugarcane.

3- Even a few freemen and family given lots, lazy lots, they preferred to hunt and fish, draw upon the company supplies.

4- Meat and fish

5- Rice was scared and was replaced by sweet potatoes, they would wait for skips in small, inadequate quantities.

1652, firstly sugar cane had to reach adulthood. Distressed as far as food supplied was concerned. The GOA would come with supplies of rice and the commander not only rats were responsible for cultivation.

20 years after no one, Lamotius administered the colony (1677 –1692). Hubert Hugo attracted the VOC attention to the possibility of making Black sugar and distilling arrack from the cane Juice. He had alone nothing with these ideas. The plant had not disappeared from the first trial. The free men came in 1750 would extract juice with manual hand mills. A sweet white syrup was obtained which suggest the presence of sugar. The Company will receive their produce, however, large the quantity and at the price the VOC will pay them. No one has yet attempted to make sugar as no one knew how to make sugar. Under Deodati (1692 to September 25, 1700) under his governorship sugar reach the highest plantation. Yan Bolketbergh, a Chinese came to show how to make sugar. He was a doctor and knew how to prepare white and black sugar. They are going to send these sugar to the Cape to know if they could proceed with the production – It is to the credit of Deodati. The Lataniers palms became rare because these were used to make arrack. A severe drought in 1694 –1695 was followed by a violent hurricane on the 9th February 1695. This destroyed buildings and plantation. Fortunately the sugar machines were saved. In June 18, a sudden flood uprooted all canes and destroyed the cane mills in 1698 cyclones. The 1679 floods and 1699 hurricanes on the 2nd May 1702 a cyclone with violence accompanied by severe flood.

Other circumstances the 1st samples were not good enough. The cane juice for arrack for the men’s – the quality were not in good conditions not clean enough. No longer depend on food supply from Cape of Good Hope to plant food crop again. In 1701 found the products bad quality can have these products from Batavia- Blow to newly emerged sugar industry. What more can the island produce? Fairly reasonable document support that sugarcane not completing abandoned for arrack for settlers. Labourdonnais has private sugar interest in the company. He never mentioned the cane. He started three sugar mills the first in Pamplemousses with its management at Villebague.

Labourdonais gives the impression that Labourdonnais introduced sugar cane from India. He never did anything of this kind encourage colonist to make sugar – why possibility might have taken place – no evidence sugar cane completely disappeared? Why introduced from Java when existed in small quantity’s in courtyard of houses in Bourbon. Couldn’t have failed to see the sugar cane on visits to Bourbon isle. In his correspondence does not mention sugar cane or sugar industry. He did everything to start sugar cane plantation in isle de France. Why this silence? Didn’t want to give publicity to the matter because he had a large private interest in that industry in the last two factories to be created. He had the legal rights to engage in private businesses. He had “Primitive” factories. He had the necessary machinery come from France. He had the management of Villebague. This fact sold in 1747 to two brothers, Vgourex. Where former captain of ships in the service of the Compagnie des Indes. They bought the factory in 1737, 12 years later it was bought by Rene Magon. The factory was created by the Dutch turned by water. It was expected to crush the 1st canes in the last quarter of the 1744. the cauldrons would have arrived by August by the St Geran but te ship wreck. Commercial scale in 1742 started. The Villebague enterprise was the only success of its kind. Coarse sugar quite disgusting. Sugar was employed for arrack to cover houses in the Italian manner. Sugar with chalk form a kind of mastiche spread on planks become as hard as a pavement.

By 1950 sugar factories were giving the F.E.I.C a 60,000 pounds turn around annual profit. Sugar industry was generating references. After Magon this industry almost complete decadence. It remain in a sort of stage, unstable situation, ¾ of the century. Later that the sugar industry would develop.

06/ 11/ 06

Economic history about sugar Industry as from English Period

What are the things needed?

1- Land

2- Labour

3- Capital

Mauritius experienced a sense of profound changed when the British took in terms f the social and economic . The socio-economic transformation occurred because it had become a British colony.

Before 1810, we found that during the French administration the economic development of Mascarenes was governed by …………

All these policies made by Labourdonnais would be used under the Royal government. In 1767 control of the Isle De France and Bourbon from F.E.I.C to Royal Government. In 1772 Pierre Poivre encourage on a large scale the production of tropical commodities. These items to turn the island into a plantation economy. There was competition from established production of these commodities. They were faced with the same disaster , natural disaster destroy crops. The lure of much more profitable maritime activities were the two reasons was that the potential development of Mauritius as a ‘bastion’ of plantation agriculture. The abrogation of the Compagnies Des Indes’ monopoly of French Asian trade in 1969. when the monopoly of the F.E.I.C was stopped and all French were able to trade at Port Louis. The isle became an increasingly important entrepot of Asia in this part of the Indian Ocean. In 1784 the growing part of grant of trading rights to America. Port Louis became a Freeport three years later in 1787 a free port opened to all foreigners. In Port Louis status as a free port will also complied with the islands tradition of privateering. During the Anglo-French conflicts privateering became the island’s tradition. This brought the riches to Isle De France and created a trading activities. The new number merchants and trader residing in Port Louis from 103 in 1776 to 365 in 1808. While the number of vessels arriving in the port rose from 78 in 1769 to a record high of 347 in 1803. the scale of this activities and its report upon the colonial economy is suggested that between 193 to 1810 the Mauritian privateers and the French naval squadron captured more than 500 British and allied prizes and there were worth at least 80 million gold Francs. But with the formal in cooperation of Mauritius in British Empire would bring an end to the island’s role of an important entrepot. They would instaure the protectionist policies in adopting the navigation acts of 1915.

Rivalry of Port Louis with Cape of Good Hope which is a real good stop over. The economy which was based on Maritime activities will be left with few options but sugar cane production and agricultural commodities for the imperial market. The only thing that would interest the British was sugar cane. Arrack would introduce sugar industry. There would be a change in strategy. As from 1810 island had 9000 to 10000 acres of land under sugar cane this surface increased during the first year of British rule not until late 1920’s sugar dominate isle’s economy. Land, labour and capital would be the principal factors would shape the sugar isle. In 1810 – 1814 treaty of Paris, the British the British wold have permanent control over the isle De France. The British would use Port Louis as a trading post as French have done. Return and harbourless Reunion to French made minor changes to Mauritian political system but completely transform the economic. If the Franco had continued they could have develop a diversified economy. But the British rule was unable to support a diversified economy. The navigation law prohibited British colonies from trading with foreign merchants. Elimination of free trade would lead to the downfall of Port Louis. If Mauritius wanted to develop under the British rule had to produce commodities to be able to satisfy guarantee currencies to buy manufactured goods and slaves. The colonist knew that sugar cane could stand cyclones more than any other plants. Cane growing was privilege had become extensive towards end of French administration when navigation laws transform foreign trade colonists invest inland and sugar melting equipment. One of the main problem was that in 1825 when the East Indian Sugar placed on the same footing as the west Indians sugar – Mauritian sugar would become more competitive on the market – slave labour shifted from port to plantation. Between 1816 and 1826 increased five folds. 4148 to 21 244 Metric Tons. It continued to climbed in the years to following until it reached 100 000 Millions trunks in 1854 and reached 150 480 Metric Tons in 1862.

Between 1810 and 1840 the acres cultivated in sugar cane increased from 4000 to 25 000 Hectares. By the 1816 there were about 52, 000 Hectares under cane plantation. The number of factories from 10 in 1798 to 157. In 1823, the number kept increased to 303 in 1863. To meet the British demand Mauritian producers invested considerable amount of money in improving of their culture to maximum profit. The local planters could not dictate the British parliament MP’s. The French colonist had to go to British to lobby for Mauritius sugar industry. Why was the Governor in Mauritius reluctant to enforce the slavery abolition law? The Governor had to rely on sugar revenues to govern the isle. They sent Adrien D’Epinay. Pour des pourparler. On the constitutional point the stake owners were in the counsel of the government.

In February 1835 the British of Mauritius were compelled to adopt the act 20 million pound to about state slaves owners into the entire British colonies. The Mauritian share 2 112, 632 which compensated for ½ the value of 66 343 slaves liberated in Mauritius. Large slaves owners got more compensation decline in sugar industry. Therefore all invested in the estates and commercial houses that invested went bankrupt. Parliament compensated. Most slaves owners interpreted apprenticeship scheme as slave labour. In 1819 began to replace vertical cane crushers . In 1822 will introduce steam power to source mills in 1863, 62 factories drawn by animals, 88 by water and 7 by steam. By 1848 there were no longer any animal powered factories.

- 4 by wind

- 45 by waters

- 195 by steam.

The factories will also increase their specialized evaporated and vacuum pans for boiling sown cane juice appeared. These unable to extraction of sucrose from cane which begin to rinse from 6% to 7.1% between 1820 to 1840. Technical improvement allowed fact to expand capacities so ………..owners of sugar cane factory improve in factories rather than in fields only Charles Telfair took a strong interest in natural history and agronomy. Import the Belonguet cane variety from Java and secondly will revive ‘La Societe d’Emulation” . In 1829 Telfair will establish the royal Society of Arts and Sciences. Important legacy of Charles Telfair Scientific research on agriculture most of the holdings in the secure patronage and financial support of colonial government. So that members could offer prizes. Conduct research in National history ….etc. Activities of Roayal society of Arts and Science. The island’s intellectuals could make important contribution to agronomy and agriculture. Their interest in science was one of the factors of making sugar cane in early years of sugar boom. Planters provided knowledge British provided capital. Descendant of French residers continued the production. Between 1810-1829 sugar prices became relatively high British invest risk them values in Mauritian sugar.

Many Franco-Mauritian own large tracks of land shifted to cane monoculture, sell their sugar to Britain. Merchants commercial houses in Port Louis inventing in sugar estate encourage speculation.

So long as industry remain prosperous individual owners mortgaged their properties to a dozen separate individual by 1828 are inevitable glut.

- The role of the British in the South Atlantic slave trade.

- Attack on British protectionism.

The term of capitulation between British abolished slave trade in 1807 the incident of monoculture changed the island. Before sugar boom. Slave owners transferred, sold or rented as assets labour value. It was very hard and hazardous. The slavery object merchandiser. The blockage has production and labour shortage and they tried to convinced the new governor Farquhar to resume slave trade, and he did turn a blank eye on 60 000 slaves in the isle. The majority member arrived between 1811 and 1821 the government that suppliers landed 30 000 slaves while the British patrols intercepted only 19% of it. Still not known how many slaves ……. Mauritius prevented and met a population decline.

Activist for abolition of slavery growing upper land in British politics. In 1823 adopted the slave amelioration bill:

1- Prepare slave for freedom

2- Education

Colonial office take measures of entire slave population. Planters evade system . The Franco-Mauritian dominated the sugar industry could protect themselves locally but not on British Market.

 

       

WOMEN IN INDIA:     The Indian sociological set up has been traditionally a male

dominatedone. Women are considered as weaker sex and always to depend on men folk in their family and outside, throughout their life. They are left with lesser commitments and kept as a dormant force for a quite long time. The Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors of the decisions made by other male members,in the basic family structure.

 

                                       The traditional set up is changing in the modern era. The

 transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational  

status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style

of Indian women. 

                                       Indian families do have the privilege of being envied by the

westerners, since women here are taking more responsibilities in bringing up children

and maintaining a better home with love and affection. At the family level, the task of

coordinating various activities in a much effective manner, without feeling the pinch of

inconveniences, is being carried out by the women folk.    

 

                                       Thus, the Indian women have basic characters in themselves in the present sociological and cultural setup as follows.

 

Indian women are considered as Sakthi, which means source of power.

Effectively coordinating the available factors and resources.

Efficient execution of decisions imposed on them

Clear vision and ambition on the improvement of family and children.

Patience and bearing the sufferings on behalf of others and

Ability to work physically more at any age.

                                                       

 

NEED OF THE HOUR:     Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population.

 

The literary and educational status of women improved considerably during the past

 

few decades. More and more higher educational and research institutions are imparting

 

knowledge and specialisation. At this juncture, effective steps are needed to provide

 

entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programmes to women.

 

 The institutions available at present are very limited. Moreover, their functions and

 

opportunities available with them are not popularised much.

 

 

QUALITIES REQUIRED FOR AN ENTREPRENEUR: An effective entrepreneur requires certain

 

basic qualities, which can be listed as follows.

Innovative thinking and farsightedness.

Quick and effective decision making skill.

Ability to mobilise and marshal resources.

Strong determination and self confidence.

Preparedness to take risks.

Accepting changes in right time.

Access and alertness to latest scientific and technological information.

 

 

                                           Matching the basic qualities required for entrepreneurs and the basic characters of Indian women, reveal that, much potential is available among the Indian women  on their entrepreneurial ability. This potential is to be recognized, brought out

and exposed for utilisation in productive and service sectors for the development of the nation.                                                      

 

ACTION PLAN :       Proper planning and execution are required at all levels. Proper

 

training in right direction is to be planned meticulously.

 

The steps to be taken can be listed as follows:                           

 

              — identifying women with different literary levels in proper groups and to create

 

                 awareness about entrepreneurship and its importance as job providing avenues

 

                  rather than job seeking ventures.

 

              — skills to be provided to selected women group are to be identified.

 

              — making them to realise the income generation and social status and

                            recognition                                                                     

                          

            – giving orientation and skill training on selected trades on                      their choice  and suitability.                  

                               

            — assisting them in preparation of project reports for their own proposed units     

                and helping them to follow up the venture to start the new enterprise.

 

            –  providing consultancy and guidance, continuously.

 

          A training capsule of around 15 days may be provided by expert institutions, voluntary

agencies and Govt.departments.The financial resources are to be mobilised to provide this type of programmes, by the government organizations like banks, public sector organizations and voluntary agencies..                                                                          

 

 

                   The higher education institutions, which are spreading throughout the country, may conduct programmes like this,regularly,in addition to their academic programmes,with or

without govt.aid.Young graduates of that area and the final year students of U.G/P.G courses may also be provided with such training.Normally,infrastructures are available with such institutions. Getting expertise and mobilizing other requirements will also be easier for

such institutions, since they are already having good establishment facilities.

 

          Voluntary agencies like Rotary clubs, Lions clubs, and etc.Govt. sponsored institutions like UGC, Science and technology Councils may interact with the colleges/universities, through financial assistance, to carry out the programmes.

 

               With proper financial assistance and effectively using them, each college/university may train 300 to 1000 youths, in the area of entrepreneurship development. When women are going to be the target groups, the benefit will reach a larger section of the society.

 

                 Thus ED culture is to be developed gradually among the women, in addition to providing educational facilities to use the vibrant women force in right direction. Thus programmes combining, technical skill and entrepreneurship skill, to selected groups, will make the Indian women more self reliant and confident and would lead them  to be envied by people at the international level.

 

TRAINING COMPONENTS :    Even though there are very efficient institutions at the national level,likeEDIAhmadabad,NSTED BOARD,NewDelhi,NISIE,Hyderabad and at State level,CED in Madurai and Chennai,TANSTIA in Chennai,such programmes are to be conducted at regional level, at the residential area of the women, in their vernacular language and to the specific requirement of the people of that area.

 

   

 

                                                                

  The essential components of such training may be listed as follows.

 

Awareness, career building and attitudinal change towards enterprise formation.

Effective training on building up self-confidence and communication skills.

Skill training on specific trades suitable to their option.

Training on quick and effective decision making techniques and managerial skills.

Training on marketing strategies.

Training on effective financial management.

Training on project formulation and implementation.

Scope for increasing access to new technologies and scientific knowledge.

Information on persons/offices to be contacted.

Interaction with successful entrepreneurs for sharing their experiences

 

Training in such areas are not going to have much financial burden to the govt., when compared to other developmental projects. This type of programmes can be conducted in all the parts of the country. A consistent and continuous effort in this project will add more dimensions Indian women and their empowerment. and to the economic development of the nation as a whole.

 

                                       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                      6

 

                                 APPENDEX-1

         

 Suggested list of appropriate areas suitable to Indian women entrepreneurs:

                 – Food products manufacturing

                  -Food processing and preservation.

                  -Catering services and fast food centres.

   -Interior decoration.

   -DTP and Book binding.

               -Maintenance of Dairy, Poultry and their products.

                   -Maintenance of house-hold appliances.

                  – Stationeries retailing.

                  – Manufacturing of note books and pads.

                 -  Packing & packaging 

                  -Diagnostic lab & pathology clinics.

                   – Communication centers with telecom, fax, browsing,

                    and Xeroxing facilities.

                   -Readymade garments, embroidering and fashion designing.

                   -Retail selling through different methods.

                   -Art and painting works on commercial decorations.

                   -Hiring of warehouses and godowns.

                   -Floral decorations.

                   -Jewellary

                   -Beauty centers

                   -Running old-age homes

                    And so on.

                    The list is only suggestive and not conclusive.

                                                       

 

 

 

 

7                                                                                                         APPENDIX-2

                    STEPS FOR STARTING SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES.

  Steps to be taken                                                                     Agency to be contacted                                  

                     

1. Product selection and preparation of                          District Industries Centres/Small                                                                                                                                                                

    Project report.                                                              Industries service Institutes/Tech-

                                                                                         nical consultancy agencies,like,CECRI,

                                                                                         at Karaikudi, for specialised products.

 

2. Obtaining provisional or permanent                          District Industries centre/Department     

    registration                                                                  of Industries and commerce.

 

3. For obtaining developed plots for                               District Industries centers.                       

   construction of a factory for obtaining

   sheds in Industrial Estates                                                         

   on ownership/rental basis 

 

4. If agricultural land is to be used                                Small Scale Industries Development

    for industrial purpose                                                  Corporation and permission from                                                                                     

                                                                                        Thasildar, to conclude lease deed.

 

 

5. Obtaining licenses for the plan,etc.                        Respective Corporation/Municipality/                                 

                                                                                   Punchait, where the unit is to be set up

 

6. No objection certificate from pollution                  Respective State pollution control Boards.                               

   Control board

 

7. Registration under the Factories Act                       Chief Inspector of factories and Boilers.

 

8. Finance                                                                    Commercial banks/Industrial co-op.banks.                                                                        .                                                                                    State finance Corporations-for term loans

 

9. Registration for sales tax                                         State Commercial Tax Office

 

10. Water supply                                                        Water supply and sewage Board.

 

11. Power connection                                                  State Electricity Board   

 

12. Processing controlled raw material                       Joint Director(SSI)

 

 

                                                                         

                                                                          8

 

13. For imported raw materials/machinery                The Joint Chief Controller of imports and

     components                                                            and exports                                 

 

14. Obtaining machinery on hire purchase                  National Small Industries corporation

                                                                                     (NSIC)-Regional offices.

15. Foreign collaboration                                            The Foreign Investment Promotion Board,

                                                                                      Ministry of Industrial Development,

                                                                                      Govt. of India.

16. ISI Certificate                                                         Bureau of Indian Standards Institution,

                                                                                      New Delhi.

17. Patent Right                                                            The Controller of Patent and Designs.

 

18. Registration of Trade Marks                                    Registrar of Trade Marks.

 

19. Marketing Assistance

          a) Internal Marketing                                       Respective State Small Industries                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                   Marketing corporations   

.         b) Export Marketing                                        Export Promotion Council/Cells;

                                                                                   Trade Development Authority; State

                                                                                   Trading corporation; Export credit                                                                                      

                                                                                   Guarantee Corporation and Export

                                                                                    Inspection Agency.

 

20. Testing, Training and other extension                 Small Industries Service Institutes and

      facilities                                                                Regional Testing Laboratories.

 

21. Product development Assistance                          Project and product development centers 

 

 

 

References :        .1.  Lalitha Iyer : Women entrepreneurs-Challenges And Strategies

                                                                    Frederic exert sifting (FES), New Delhi.1991.

 

                                   2 .M.Soundarapandian: Women Entrepreneurship—Issues and 

                                                                           Strategies. Edited volume.

                                                                           Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.1999.

 

                                    3. S.S.Khanka  :               Entrepreneurial Development

                                                                             S.Chand & Co. New Delhi.1999.

 

                                     4. Phamphlets from Small Industries Service Institute, Chennai. 2004.

 

                                      5. Phamphlets from CANARA BANK-Circle office, Madurai 2004.     

     

WOMEN IN INDIA:     The Indian sociological set up has been traditionally a male dominated

 

one. Women are considered as weaker sex and always to depend on men folk in their family and

 

outside, throughout their life. They are left with lesser commitments and kept as a dormant force

 

for a quite long time. The Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors of the

 

decisions made by other male members,in the basic family structure.

 

                                       The traditional set up is changing in the modern era. The

 

transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational

 

status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style

 

of Indian women.

 

                                       Indian families do have the privilege of being envied by the

 

westerners, since women here are taking more responsibilities in bringing up children

 

and maintaining a better home with love and affection. At the family level, the task of

 

coordinating various activities in a much effective manner, without feeling the pinch of

 

inconveniences, is being carried out by the women folk.    

 

                                                                   Thus, the Indian women have basic characters in themselves in the present sociological and cultural setup as follows.

 

Indian women are considered as Sakthi, which means source of power.

Effectively coordinating the available factors and resources.

Efficient execution of decisions imposed on them

Clear vision and ambition on the improvement of family and children.

Patience and bearing the sufferings on behalf of others and

Ability to work physically more at any age.

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                            2

 

 

NEED OF THE HOUR:     Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population.

 

The literary and educational status of women improved considerably during the past

 

few decades. More and more higher educational and research institutions are imparting

 

knowledge and specialisation. At this juncture, effective steps are needed to provide

 

entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programmes to women.

 

 The institutions available at present are very limited. Moreover, their functions and

 

opportunities available with them are not popularised much.

 

 

QUALITIES REQUIRED FOR AN ENTREPRENEUR: An effective entrepreneur requires certain

 

basic qualities, which can be listed as follows.

Innovative thinking and farsightedness.

Quick and effective decision making skill.

Ability to mobilise and marshal resources.

Strong determination and self confidence.

Preparedness to take risks.

Accepting changes in right time.

Access and alertness to latest scientific and technological information.

 

 

                                           Matching the basic qualities required for entrepreneurs and the basic

 

characters of Indian women, reveal that, much potential is available among the Indian women

 

 on their entrepreneurial ability. This potential is to be recognized, brought out

 

and exposed for utilisation in productive and service sectors for the development of the nation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                         3

 

 

ACTION PLAN :       Proper planning and execution are required at all levels. Proper

 

training in right direction is to be planned meticulously.

 

The steps to be taken can be listed as follows:                           

 

                        –identifying women with different literary levels in proper groups and to create

 

  awareness about entrepreneurship and its importance as job providing avenues

 

  rather than job seeking ventures.

 

– skills to be provided to selected women group are to be identified.

 

                         — making them to realise the income generation and social status and

                            recognition                                                                     

                          

                          – giving orientation and skill training on selected trades on their choice and                                                          

                              suitability

                         

 

                          — assisting them in preparation of project reports for their own proposed units     

 

                               and helping them to follow up the venture to start the new enterprise.

 

                          –  providing consultancy and guidance, continuously.

 

          A training capsule of around 15 days may be provided by expert institutions, voluntary

 

agencies and Govt.departments.The financial resources are to be mobilised to provide this type

 

of programmes, by the government organizations like banks, public sector organizations and

 

voluntary agencies..

 

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                              4                       

 

 

 

 

                   The higher education institutions, which are spreading throughout the country, may

 

conduct programmes like this,regularly,in addition to their academic programmes,with or

 

without govt.aid.Young graduates of that area and the final year students of U.G/P.G courses

 

may also be provided with such training.Normally,infrastructures are available with such

 

institutions. Getting expertise and mobilizing other requirements will also be easier for

 

such institutions, since they are already having good establishment facilities.

 

Voluntary agencies like Rotary clubs, Lions clubs, and etc.Govt. sponsored institutions like

 

UGC, Science and technology Councils may interact with the colleges/universities, through

 

financial assistance, to carry out the programmes.

 

               With proper financial assistance and effectively using them, each college/university may train 300 to 1000 youths, in the area of entrepreneurship development. When women are going to be the target groups, the benefit will reach a larger section of the society.

 

                 Thus ED culture is to be developed gradually among the women, in addition to providing educational facilities to use the vibrant women force in right direction. Thus programmes combining, technical skill and entrepreneurship skill, to selected groups, will make the Indian women more self reliant and confident and would lead them  to be envied by people at the international level.

 

TRAINING COMPONENTS :    Even though there are very efficient institutions at the national level,likeEDIAhmadabad,NSTED BOARD,NewDelhi,NISIE,Hyderabad and at State level,CED in Madurai and Chennai,TANSTIA in Chennai,such programmes are to be conducted at regional level, at the residential area of the women, in their vernacular language and to the specific requirement of the people of that area.

 

   

 

                                                               5

 

  The essential components of such training may be listed as follows.

 

Awareness, career building and attitudinal change towards enterprise formation.

Effective training on building up self-confidence and communication skills.

Skill training on specific trades suitable to their option.

Training on quick and effective decision making techniques and managerial skills.

Training on marketing strategies.

Training on effective financial management.

Training on project formulation and implementation.

Scope for increasing access to new technologies and scientific knowledge.

Information on persons/offices to be contacted.

Interaction with successful entrepreneurs for sharing their experiences

 

Training in such areas are not going to have much financial burden to the govt., when compared to other developmental projects. This type of programmes can be conducted in all the parts of the country. A consistent and continuous effort in this project will add more dimensions Indian women and their empowerment. and to the economic development of the nation as a whole.

 

                                       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                      6

 

                                 APPENDEX-1

         

 Suggested list of appropriate areas suitable to Indian women entrepreneurs:

                 – Food products manufacturing

                  -Food processing and preservation.

                  -Catering services and fast food centres.

   -Interior decoration.

   -DTP and Book binding.

               -Maintenance of Dairy, Poultry and their products.

                   -Maintenance of house-hold appliances.

                  – Stationeries retailing.

                  – Manufacturing of note books and pads.

                 -  Packing & packaging 

                  -Diagnostic lab & pathology clinics.

                   – Communication centers with telecom, fax, browsing,

                    and Xeroxing facilities.

                   -Readymade garments, embroidering and fashion designing.

                   -Retail selling through different methods.

                   -Art and painting works on commercial decorations.

                   -Hiring of warehouses and godowns.

                   -Floral decorations.

                   -Jewellary

                   -Beauty centers

                   -Running old-age homes

                    And so on.

                    The list is only suggestive and not conclusive.

                                                       

 

 

 

 

7                                                                                                         APPENDIX-2

                    STEPS FOR STARTING SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES.

  Steps to be taken                                                                     Agency to be contacted                                  

                     

1. Product selection and preparation of                          District Industries Centres/Small                                                                                                                                                                

    Project report.                                                              Industries service Institutes/Tech-

                                                                                         nical consultancy agencies,like,CECRI,

                                                                                         at Karaikudi, for specialised products.

 

2. Obtaining provisional or permanent                          District Industries centre/Department     

    registration                                                                  of Industries and commerce.

 

3. For obtaining developed plots for                               District Industries centers.                       

   construction of a factory for obtaining

   sheds in Industrial Estates                                                         

   on ownership/rental basis 

 

4. If agricultural land is to be used                                Small Scale Industries Development

    for industrial purpose                                                  Corporation and permission from                                                                                     

                                                                                        Thasildar, to conclude lease deed.

 

 

5. Obtaining licenses for the plan,etc.                        Respective Corporation/Municipality/                                 

                                                                                   Punchait, where the unit is to be set up

 

6. No objection certificate from pollution                  Respective State pollution control Boards.                               

   Control board

 

7. Registration under the Factories Act                       Chief Inspector of factories and Boilers.

 

8. Finance                                                                    Commercial banks/Industrial co-op.banks.                                                                        .                                                                                    State finance Corporations-for term loans

 

9. Registration for sales tax                                         State Commercial Tax Office

 

10. Water supply                                                        Water supply and sewage Board.

 

(ArticlesBase SC #909659)

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Home staging expert, Debra Gould, discusses the custom of homesellers burying statues of St. Joseph in their yard, with hopes of selling faster.

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Social Networking has exploded on to the scene in the last few years. Most people look at it as a way to connect with friends, and that is true. But what about the potential to expand your customer base? Building your customer base is about building trust, what better way to build trust that through social networking!

Stand By Soft is pleased to announce the released of RationalPlan Project Server as a free Beta version for all users. RationalPlan Project Server is a multi user project management system developed to improve the existing suite of products by adding a server module that gives project managers concurrent access to a central project data repository when creating plans, tracking progress, allocating resources, managing budgets or analyzing workload.

Have you ever wondered how Richard Branson built his empire from nothing? What’s certain is that when he was 19 and larking about with his student newspaper he didn’t sit down and write out a business plan that included owning a couple of airlines, a space program, an island paradise and a financial institution or two!

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Fundamentals

 

Concern over Greece’s debt crisis and its potential spread through Europe continued to influence global markets. As leaders intensified negotiations, Evolution Securities stressed that the country’s request for a $60 billion bailout does not reduce the risk of default next year and a debt restructuring will be a necessity without even more aid.

 

Standards & Poor’s lowered its credit rating for Greece andwarned bondholders they would recover just 30 percent of their initial investment if the country restructures its debt. S&P also reduced Portugal’s rating by two steps as well as Spain’s. Ignis asset Management further warned that Portugal may follow Greece in having its debt downgraded to junk.

 

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said Greece needs to show its budget is on a sustainable path and a full German agreement to a bailout may take a few days, while Greek finance minister George Papaconstantinou said money will be available soon adding that the country won’t restructure its debt.

 

Reports, meanwhile, indicated that Greece may need as much as EUR 120 billion, rather than the initial EUR 45 billion promised. German Chancellor Angela Merkel added that negotiations with Greece over financial aid must be accelerated as the stability of the euro-zone was at stake, while European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet and French President Nicolas Sarkozy added their voices to the urgency of the matter.

 

In the U.S., assistant Treasury secretary Michael Barr told bankers the U.S. is “more vulnerable than ever” to another crisis. That concern may have propelled Federal Reserve officials to restate their intention to keep the benchmark interest rate near zero for an extended period. The Fed’s preferred inflation gauge climbed at the slowest pace on record giving officials scope to keep interest rates low and encourage hiring.

 

The Labor Department reported that initial jobless claims fell by 11,000 to 448,000 in the week ended April 24, signaling a slight improvement in the jobs market as the number of people receiving unemployment insurance and those getting extended payments decreased.

 

The Commerce Department showed that U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.2 percent in the first quarter boosted by higher household spending

 

The U.S. Senate questioned Goldman Sachs executives about their role in marketing financial products that contributed to the financial crisis, as federal prosecutors weigh fraud charges against the firm.

 

Japan’s consumer prices fell for a 13th month in March, indicating that deflation was still weighing on the economy despite signs of growing exports and a recovery.  Japan’s unemployment rate rose to 5 percent in March, slightly above expectations.

Binary Option Strategy for all your market news

The Week Ahead

 

In the U.S., the labor Department will present its April unemployment report, while first quarter productivity report will give further indication to the state of the economic recovery. April auto sales and March factory orders are also due for release in the coming week.

 

Europe will likely be preoccupied with negotiating Greece’s bailout package as leaders will seek to calm investor nerves about the euro-zone. Retail sales in the euro-zone for March may give some indication of whether the Greece crisis is impacting the consumer. The European Central bank will also announce its interest rate set for May.

As a trader or funds/portfolio manager, your fist duty to your account and that of your clients is to preserve capital before you begin to consider profit taking in any markets. The techniques I will be discussing here are very crucial for all traders including funds managers. It pays great dividends to the trader who desires to keep and multiply profits to learn the techniques that will help them preserve their trading capital.In this piece, I want to expose 3 basic techniques for preserving your trading capital irrespective of what you trade; forex, commodities like crude oil, options, stick etc. these techniques and strategies, if well applied will not help you preserve capital but can make you ultra rich over time. Here are they; hedging, the use of Japanese candlesticks and trailing stop I will take them one after the other.Hedging many misunderstand the purpose of hedging and how and when to apply it as a strategy. I will do my best to clear up the confusion in this piece. I will try to define hedging in a lay mans view and then go on to show and when to use it.Hedging in financial terms is any techniques designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two positions that will offset each other if prices change. In trading many apply this strategy only when they see a position has mated tremendously against them, and they do it out of fear rather than as a plan. We were in my trading room one day when a position we opened moved against us; one of the traders suggested we hedge and I said no because it was not in our trading plan for that period, and it was not long when the correction was over and price went back in our favour if we had all responded in fear we could have hedge wrongly. There are a few things you need to know about hedging:(1) Hedging needs to be in your trading plan before you employ it; do not use it in fear or panic else you may not be able to use it to preserve the capital it is meant for study situations properly before deciding whether or not to apply it.(2) The 2 positions being hedge ought to give you zero balance; what this means is that when you place a buy order for EUR/USD say at 1.27000, the sell order ought also to be at 1.2700. This is in a situation where the spread for EUR/USD is 2pips. I must say that this however may not always be at the case.

For the Purpose of this discussion, the term market transparency will be used to refer to the ability of market participants to observe the information in the trading process. Despite the simplicity of this definition, the issue of transparency is remarkably complex.

One difficulty relates to exactly what information is observable. For the purpose of this discussion we will assume that a market is said to be transparent if the order flow can be observed.

Note the word “Order Flow”. The order flow information can be very complicated since we need to take the following into account:

In deciding whether a market is transparent we also need to know who can observe the information. Is the information observable only to price-setting agents, to those on the floor of the exchange, to traders who submit orders or to potential traders at large?

The issues above are very important because the information available in the trading process can affect the strategies of market participants.

Charles Schumer, the third-ranking Democrat in the U.S senate, ask the Securities and Exchange Commission to ban so-called flash orders for stocks, saying they give high-speed traders an unfair advantage.

“This kind of unfair access seriously compromises the integrity of our markets and creates a two-tiered system, where a privileged group of insiders receives preferential treatment,” Schumer wrote in the letter.

 

According to Bob Greifeld, chief executive of NASDAQ.  “Flash orders are but one symptom of the current evolving market structure. We have a unique opportunity at this time to take a hard look at dark order types and the underlying market structure issues that do not support public price formation. These include flash orders, internalised orders, enhanced liquidity providers, Block Talk orders and dark pools.”

Market participant’s strategies will depend on the transparency of the market and the market equilibrium is directly related to the degree of transparency.

The question we need to ask ourselves is:  “What is the optimal level of transparency?”

Many researches have been done in this area.

Madhaven in 1992 analyses how transparency of orders affects market behavior and viability when order flow information is observable to both price setters and traders.

Pagano and Roell in 1993 consider how transparency of orders to price setting agents affects the trading costs of informed and uninformed traders.

Biais in 1993 analyses how the transparency of quotes affects spreads when there is no private information.

Madhaven also considers the issue of transparency by looking at the effects of knowing the volume of trade.

I believe that the simplest transparency issue to consider is how the degree to which the size and direction of order flow is visible to market participants affects the viability of the market.

The crucial function of any trading mechanism is Price Discovery or the process of finding market clearing prices.

This process will depend on the transparency of the market and therefore we need to consider which market structure better aids the price discovery function.

We can divide the market clearing mechanism into Quote Driven (QD) and Order Driven (OD)

 Difference between a Quote Driven (QD) market and an Order Driven (OD) one?

The difference between these two market systems lies in what is displayed in the market in terms of orders and bid and ask prices. The order driven market displays all of the bids and asks, while the quote driven market focuses only on the bids and asks of market makers and other designated parties.

An order driven market is one in which all of the orders of both buyers and sellers are displayed, detailing the price at which they are willing to buy or sell a security and the amount of the security that they are willing to buy or sell at that price.

Let us now look at the properties of the resulting equilibrium in each market setting.

If the informational asymmetry in the market is not too great, then equilibrium will exist in the quote-driven system. In this state, security prices are semi-strong efficient and the market markers offers schedule of prices for different trade sizes rather than quote a single trading price.

If the information asymmetry is too large, it may not be possible to find such a price schedule and equilibrium may not exist.

In part two of this article we will discuss the benefits of transparency and how transparency affects the losses of the uninformed traders

 

 

FUTURES AND COMMODITIES TRADING INVOLVES SIGNIFICANT RISK AND IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EVERY INVESTOR. INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS STRICTLY THE OPINION OF ITS AUTHOR AND IS INTENDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES. INFORMATION IS OBTAINED FROM SOURCES BELIEVED RELIABLE, BUT IS IN NO WAY GUARANTEED. OPINIONS, MARKET DATA AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT ANY TIME. PAST RESULTS ARE NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Opening a Forex trading account is not a complicated procedure, but there are some decisions that need to be made before you open the account. First you should decide how much capital you are willing to use to open the account, and then investigate brokers until you find one that you are comfortable with. Most brokers will allow you to open a new account with as little as two hundred and fifty dollars for a simple trading account. Check out the different spreads, allowable leverage, margin rules, and other aspects of Forex trading that you consider important. Check out the available pairs that the broker deals with in the Forex market, and make sure that these pairs fit your interests.
Once you know the amount of capital you are going to use for the Forex account and you have found a Forex broker that you trust, It is time to open the account. Figure out what account type you are interested in. Some brokers allow mini accounts, while others insist on full size accounts, and still others have a few choices. Discuss this with your broker to see which account type is best for your investment needs. The best way to proceed if you are new to the Forex market is to start by opening a dummy account with the broker you will use. A demo, or dummy, account will let you get comfortable with the trading strategies before you risk your capital. Once you are completely comfortable with your strategies and your results, then have the broker open your trading account.
Opening a Forex trading account may involve numerous pieces of paperwork and forms, depending on your home country and nationality, as well as the capital necessary to open the account. There are legal agreements between you and the broker that outlines the leverage rules and amounts, the agreement to make good on any losing margin trades, and all the other contracts and agreements that are necessary to open a Forex trading account. As long as you do your homework and investigate your options carefully, finding the right broker and opening an account to trade in the Forex market is easy. The most important part of opening a Forex account is to find a broker that you respect and trust. A Forex broker can make you money or lose you money, so the broker you choose when you open a Forex account can make or break you as a trader.
Copyright © 2007 Joel Teo. All rights reserved.

One will commonly hear or read the following “rule of thumb” for trading:Only trade positions with potential profits of at least three times the potential loss.This sounds like a reasonable rule, risking a little to make a lot. However, it ignores the probabilities involved. Buying a lottery ticket for $1 to potentially make one million dollars certainly meets this criterion for a good trade. But we intuitively know that the odds against us winning are astronomical. This paper will define risk/reward ratios, define the concept of expected value, and begin to explore the relevance of these concepts to success in trading strategies.Risk/Reward RatiosIf we are considering an investment where the maximum gain we can expect is $100 and the maximum loss that we may incur is $500, we would compute a risk/reward ratio of 500/100 or 5:1 (five to one) . This is a high risk/reward ratio in that we stand to lose a large amount compared to the maximum gain. The trading rule above of “potential profits of three times the potential losses”, would result in a small risk/reward ratio of 1:3.Expected ValueThe probabilities of the various outcomes of a proposed investment are often overlooked. When someone tells you an investment will return 300%, but doesn’t tell you the probability of success, you are missing critical information necessary to make a decision about that investment. When one accounts for the probability of the profitable outcome, one computes the expected value, sometimes called a risk adjusted return on investment.For example, let’s assume we are considering a covered call on IBM and the called out return is 4% for IBM closing over $90. If we were to determine the probability of IBM closing over $90 is 65%, then we would say that the expected return or risk adjusted return is 2.6% (0.65 x 4%). We can take this analysis one step further by accounting for the probability of loss. Using the same IBM covered call, let’s assume we have a stop loss order entered that we believe will take us out of the trade with a 8% maximum loss. Now our expected return has two terms:Expected Return = (probability of gain) x (maximum gain) – (probability of loss) x (maximum loss), or,Expected Return = (0.65)(4) – (0.35)(8) = (2.6) – (2.8) = -0.2%Therefore, if we were to place this trade many times, our expected return, based on the probabilities of gain or loss, would be a net loss of 0.2%. One could improve this strategy by either improving the probability of success or tightening the stop loss to reduce the maximum loss.High Probability TradesTrading strategies can be positioned in a variety of ways resulting in a broad range of risk/reward ratios. One extreme category may be called the high probability trades, i.e., trades that have probabilities of success of 85-90%. One type of option spread strategy, known as the iron condor, can be positioned in such a way as to have an 85% probability of profit. On the surface, that sounds very attractive. However, the losses for these trades can be quite large, even though their occurrence is unlikely. For example, a typical iron condor might be characterized as having an 85% probability of achieving a 19% return but a 100% loss with a 15% probability of occurrence. The expected return:Expected Return = (0.85)(19) – (0.15)(100) = 1.2%Or the calculation can be done with the dollar amounts. The 19% gain could correspond to a $1,600 gain and a maximum loss of $8,400. The expected return is:Expected Return = (0.85)(1600) – (0.15)(8400) = 1360 – 1260 = $100Therefore, trading this strategy over time and many trades is going to be close to break even, and probably a loser after trading commissions are included. Let’s consider the opposite style of trading and then draw some conclusions.Low Probability TradesLow probability trades are akin to the lottery ticket, i.e., the maximum loss is small, but the probability of success is also extremely small. There is a category of option spread known as “far out of the money vertical spreads”. The basic characteristic of this trade is a small maximum loss, but with a high probability of incurring that loss. An example might be a vertical spread that only cost $130 to establish, but could potentially return $870. Since the maximum loss is $130 with a probability of success of 12.5% and the maximum profit is $870, the potential gain is 669%, so the expected return is:Expected Return = (0.125)(669) – (0.875)(100) = 83.6 – 87.5 = -3.9%or,Expected Return = (0.125)(870) – (0.875)(130) = 109 – 114 = -$5So, the expected values of this low probability strategy result in small losses over time.ConclusionsTrading strategies come in all sizes and shapes to suit anyone’s style and risk preferences. But the reality is that none of these strategies have an inherent advantage. Some trading education firms and authors of trading books will often claim that they have found the holy grail of trading and have the “best” trading strategy. Each trading strategy has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In addition, if each trading strategy was applied in a blind, “ put it on and let it run” methodology, the net results would be very similar: near break even or a small loser over time. However, the pattern of the results would be quite different. For the examples above, the high probability trading strategy would have many small positive gains throughout the year, but would be expected to have a small number of large losses that wipe out the gains. Whereas the low probability trading strategy would have a small number of large gains, but those gains would be wiped out by a large number of small losses.Therefore, one must manage the trade in such a way as to develop a probabilistic edge. The best analogy is a Las Vegas casino. If you analyze any of the games played in the casino, you will see that the odds favor the casino. The casino has a small probabilistic advantage, so the owners know that over time, they will come out winners. In stock and options trading, one must understand the probabilities and have developed a trading system that gives the trader a positive edge. You want to learn to trade like the casino, not the gambler at the tables.

Investors as well as professionals from the finance sector are well aware of what currency futures are, role of stock brokers, stocks market intricacies, profitable market shares, and related regalia. Novice investors who are completely new and have not yet started their investment venture will do take some time in understanding the nuances of trading. And if they face losses in their very first investment or face repeat losses at a stretch, it is no big thing. Yes if investments are made in bulk, then losses will no doubt play havoc on the investor. The maxim ‘try and try until you succeed’ does hold true everywhere but in the stocks market the statement should be followed in a different manner. It is only after you gain complete knowledge about the market, strategize your goals, get updated with the market conditions, etc. that you can ‘try and try until you succeed’. Buying market shares is easy but what is of substance is buying potential shares. With online trading being the buzzword in the stocks market, experienced stock brokers are functioning online via brokerage platforms. Finding top brokers is thus possible with a click of the mouse. There are numerous online trading platforms; do conduct a research in finding the best one before getting registered in one. Registration will keep you at a competitive edge. Besides knowing about the potential stock investment options, you will stay informed about the A-Z of the financial market. Diversifying your investment plans will prove effortless for you as you will know where to put in your hard earned money. The wise investor invests in diverse investment destinations; these may be market shares, currency futures, mutual funds, etc. The market is no doubt full of risks but diversification as well as investing in the right places can help one maintain a balance in between profits and losses. A panicky situation will then never arise. But not all investors are aware of the diverse investment strategies. Many are still led with the notion that it is only stock investment that can help one make money in no time. There was a time when people were hardly aware of stock investment. With time, and with online trading being introduced, people became aware and the numbers of stock investors are increasing by the day. Very soon, the same awareness will spread in other investment areas.To start a currency futures trading, you should first of all be familiar with the business. It involves trading in the currency of not only one nation but also several nations depending on your preference. You should have enough time to take into account the changing value of currencies as conversion rates of all currencies change almost everyday. It is inflation rate that affects the conversion rates of currencies. There are other factors as well that should be considered if you want to get involved in currency futures trading. Be it any investment, it is knowledge that can keep you on the winning edge!